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- Pathologies and clinical cases in biochemistryPublication . Cardoso, Inês Lopes; Leal, Fernanda
- Importância da especiação de metais na avaliação do seu impacto na saúde humana - desenvolvimento de metodologias voltamétricas com eléctrodos de filme de bismutoPublication . Leal, Fernanda; Catarino, Rita; Pimenta, Adriana; Souto, RenataA voltametria de redissolução com eléctrodos de filme de mercúrio (mFes) constitui uma ferramenta poderosa para a monitorização de metais vestigiais. recentemente, os eléctrodos de filme de bismuto (bFes) apareceram como uma alternativa vantajosa, apresentando uma toxicidade negligenciável para o ambiente. neste trabalho são propostas duas novas metodologias (em batch e em fluxo), que se baseiam na realização de voltametria de redissolução anódica com bFes, aplicadas à determinação de dois metais de elevada toxicidade (cádmio (cd) e chumbo (pb)). Stripping voltammetry with mercury film electrodes (mFes) is a powerful tool to monitor trace metal concentrations. recently, bismuth film electrodes (bFes) appeared as an attractive alternative, exhibiting negligible toxicity to the environment. in this study, two new methodologies (batch and flow) are proposed based on anodic stripping voltammetry with bFes, applied to the determination of two highly toxic metals (cadmium (cd) and lead (pb)).
- C-Reactive protein and neurodegenerative diseasesPublication . Cardoso, Inês Lopes; Leal, Fernanda
- Oral and craniofacial manifestations of mucopolysaccharidosesPublication . Leal, Fernanda; Cardoso, Inês Lopes; Dias, RenataMucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited metabolic disorders caused by the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes necessary for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Non-degraded GAGs accumulate inside the lysosomes and compromise cell function in different tissues and organs. This accumulation causes progressive and multisystemic damage, leading to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, including oral and craniofacial manifestations. This work aims, therefore, to conduct a literature review that promotes specific knowledge regarding the oral and craniofacial manifestations of MPS. The results converged to a variability of alterations, among them facial dysmorphism, macroglossia, lingual protrusion, anterior open bite, dental caries, gingival inflammation, enamel hypoplasia, taurodontism, condylar hypoplasia and presence of dentigerouscysts. Preventive and interceptive actions in oral health are used as a means of improving oral hygiene and reducing oral problems. Finally, there is a need for improvement in comprehensive care for patients with MPS.
- Biochemical mechanisms of the effect of environmental factors (diet, fluorine, alcohol and tobacco) on oral healthPublication . Cardoso, Inês Lopes; Leal, Fernanda; Santos, D.R.; Azevedo, W.S.Nowadays, oral diseases are prevalent chronic diseases present in worldwide population. Dental caries results from a complex interaction between acid-producing bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates and host factors, including teeth and saliva. Risk factors for caries development include physical, biological, environmental, behavioral factors such as high numbers of cariogenic bacteria, inadequate salivary flow, poor oral hygiene and poor eating habits. Moreover, due to its efficacy in caries prevention, fluorine has been added to toothpaste, supplements and water. However, despite of its beneficial effect, excessive intake can lead to acute or chronic toxic effects, that depend on ingestion period and ingested amount, age, cardiovascular or renal problems and genetic changes. The most common adverse effects of excessive fluorine intake are dental and skeletal fluorosis. Another oral health problem is oral cancer, one of the most common cancers in the world and a highly relevant problem of global public health, mainly affecting lips and oral cavity. It is a preventable disease, where tobacco and alcohol, considered major risk factors, are present with a synergic effect in 90% of cases. Alcohol can act as a risk factor both locally and systemically, being causally associated with oropharyngeal and larynx cancer, esophageal cancer, among others.
- Biochemical changes during the human lifespanPublication . Cardoso, Inês Lopes; Leal, Fernanda; Lemos, Catarina
- Systemic lupus erythematosus and implications for the oral cavityPublication . Cardoso, Inês Lopes; Leal, Fernanda; Regis, Renan C. D.Systemic Lupus Erythematosus affects several people around the world and because it is characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial origin, and with systemic impairment, great attention must be paid from diagnosis to treatment in order to optimize the entire follow-up of the patient. The dental doctor plays an important role in the diagnosis of the condition and must be attentive to the early signs that can appear in the oral cavity with a frequency of up to 21%. In this way, through this bibliographic review, which has as main goal to correlate Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with its direct consequences in the oral cavity, it will be possible to help dentists in the diagnosis, to understand in detail the development of the disease and what attitude should be taken in its presence.
- Sistema endócrino e patologias associadasPublication . Leal, Fernanda; Cardoso, Inês Lopes
- Cornelia de Lange Syndrome and orofacial implicationsPublication . Cardoso, Inês Lopes; Leal, Fernanda; Silva, G. F.Background and objective: Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a rare disease with a very wide and genetically heterogeneous phenotypic variability that affects multiple organs and systems. This work consists of a narrative review on Cornelia de Lange syndrome, specifically addressing its orofacial manifestations and the impact of these changes on dentistry. Methods: For the bibliographic search, the following databases were used: PubMed Central (PMC), Online Knowledge Library (B-ON), Cochrane Library and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), as well as Google Scholar. The keywords used in English and Portuguese, were Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Brachmann de Lange, dental manifestations. Results: So far, pathogenic mutations have been identified in five genes: NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21 and HDAC8. The diagnosis of most children is usually obvious at birth. Brachycephaly and synophry are characteristics present in all children with Cornelia de Lange syndrome, being also common the presence of mental retardation. Frequent manifestations include excess facial hair and generalized hirsutism, unusually long curly upper and lower eyelashes. Small, spaced teeth with delayed eruption, partial anodontia, thin upper lip, depressed corners of the mouth, and occasionally arched or cleft palate may also be present. Conclusion: The multidisciplinary strategy is the key to treatment success. It is important to provide the family with information about the syndrome, which can help parents to cope emotionally with the situation and cooperate in the treatment of their child.
- Genetic and environmental factors involved in the development of oral malformations such as cleft lip/palate in non-syndromic patients and open bite malocclusionPublication . Leal, Fernanda; Lemos, A. R. B.; Costa, G. F.; Cardoso, Inês LopesAmong the most common malformations observed in the oral cavity are cleft lip/palate and malocclusions, being this last one considered by the World Health Organization, the third public health problem. Malocclusions include the anterior open bite, a change in the vertical plane, that can be of two types: dental anterior open bite and skeletal anterior open bite. Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital malformations at birth. These malformations result from a failure in the normal craniofacial development process, which requires the coordination of a complex series of events. From the embryological point of view, the cleft lip/palate is a consequence of the failure of the first superior branchial arch to complete fusion with the frontonasal process during pregnancy. All these malformations result from the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors. Among the environmental factors involved in the development of malocclusions are deleterious habits, mouth breathing and trauma. Several genes involved in the development of facial bones, muscles and teeth are also responsible for the development of malocclusions. In the same way, clefts development is a multifactorial trait where multiple genes are involved as well as environmental factor like alcohol consumption, tobacco, exposure to pesticides or toxic solvents, in a complex interaction. All these factors may jeopardize the normal functioning of the stomatognathic system and the consequent quality of life of the patient. The purpose of this study was to review the literature concerning the genetic and environmental aspects involved in the development of these malformations.