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- Social inequalities in traditional and emerging screen devices among portuguese children: a cross-sectional studyPublication . Rodrigues, Daniela; Gama, Augusta; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Nogueira, Helena; Silva, Maria Raquel; Rosado-Marques, Vítor; Padez, CristinaBackground: Children are often exposed to too much screen time but few studies have explored the use of old and new digital media among young children. This study assesses screen time, including traditional and mobile devices, in pre-school and elementary school-aged children, according to their gender, age, and socioeconomic position (SEP). Methods: A total of 8430 children (3 to 10 years; 50.8% boys) from the north, center and south-central Portugal were included in the present study. Data was collected by a parental questionnaire during 2016/2017. Children’s screen time (by media device, weekdays and at the weekend; calculated by mean minutes per day) were reported by parents. Analysis were carried to compare screen time by children’s age, gender and family SEP (classified using father’s educational degree). Results: Daily screen time was high both in children aged 3 to 5 and 6 to 10 years – 154 min/day (95% CI: 149.51–158.91) and 200.79 min/day (95% CI: 197.08–204.50), respectively – and the majority of children, independently of their gender, exceed the recommended 2 h/day of screen viewing. Children are still primarily engaging in screen time through television but the use of mobile devices, particularly tablets, were already high among 3 year-old children and increased with age. SEP was a negative predictor of screen time in the linear regression analysis, including after adjustment. Conclusions: Considering the negative health impacts of excessive screen time, recognizing subgroups at risk of excessive screen time and identifying how each device is used according to age is fundamental to enable appropriate future interventions. The screen time in children aged 3–10 years is longer than the recommended, particularly among boys and in those children from lower SEP. Parents and policymakers should have in mind that children spend most of their screen time watching television but mobile devices are becoming extremely popular starting at a young age.
- Socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among portuguese preschool‐aged children: changes from 2009 to 2016Publication . Rodrigues, Daniela; Costa, Diogo; Gama, Augusta; Machado‐Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Nogueira, Helena; Silva, Maria Raquel; Rosado‐Marques, Vítor; Padez, CristinaObjectives: We evaluated, for the first time in Portugal, the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to parental education in a population of preschool-aged Portuguese children in 2009/2010 and 2016/2017. Methods: Anthropometric data were collected in public and private preschools (n = 1996 in 2009/2010; n = 2077 in 2016/2017). Body mass index was calculated and weight status categories were based on the International Obesity Task Force cutoff points. Parental education level was self-reported. Results: Prevalence of overweight (17.1%–14.1%; p < 0.001) and obesity (6.6%–3.9%, p < 0.001) was lower in 2016/2017 than in 2009/2010, with higher rates being found in the north of the country. Parental education was significantly associated with childhood overweight and obesity and inequalities between low- and high-education increased between the two periods. Conclusions: While a decrease in childhood overweight and obesity were positive findings, the prevalence is still high and shows pronounced socioeconomic differences. Policies for obesity prevention need to be inclusive and tackle inequalities, with interventions tailored to suit local contexts.
- Prevalência de lesões do quadricipete em jogadores de futebol profissional e amadorPublication . Pereira, Pedro Miguel; Silva, Maria Raquelo futebol é um jogo com uma estrutura cinemática e acíclica, onde ocorrem mudanças de direcção e velocidade. o objectivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de lesões desportivas ao nível do quadricípite em jogadores de futebol profissional e amador. Foram avaliados 66 futebolistas: 36 profissionais e 30 amadores, através da aplicação de um questionário de administração directa estruturado para o efeito. Verificou-se que 62,5% das lesões nos atletas profissionais foram de grau iii, enquanto que nos amadores 60,87% foram de grau iii. porém os amadores sofreram um maior número de lesões do que os profissionais. As lesões desportivas mais frequentes foram as roturas musculares seguidas das contusões e ocorreram maioritariamente nos meses de outubro e novembro e em situação de treino. Football is a sport with a kinematic and acyclic structure, where direction and velocity changes may occur. the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sport injuries of the quadriceps in professional and amateur football players. Sixty–six football players: 36 professionals and 30 amateurs were evaluated by a questionnaire of direct administration and structured for the effect. We verified that 62,5% of injuries in professional athletes were classified as degree iii, while in amateurs 60,87% of injuries were degree iii. However amateurs players suffered from a higher number than professional. the most frequent sport injuries were muscular fractures followed by bruises, occurred mainly in months of october and november and during trainings sessions.
- O uso de substâncias químicas no futebolPublication . Cunha, Ricardo; Silva, Maria RaquelPretendeu-se conhecer o grau de conhecimento, que os jogadores séniores e júniores inscritos na Associação de Futebol de Viana do Castelo detinham, em relação ao uso de substâncias químicas no futebol. A amostra foi constituída por 124 jogadores, na época de 2006/2007. Os jogadores consideraram que a substância mais utilizada durante o período de competição foi os estimulantes, que os jogadores foram os principais responsáveis pelo uso deste tipo de substâncias, que o principal malefício provocado pelos estimulantes, narcóticos analgésicos, esteróides anabolizantes, canabinóides, hormonas peptidicas e inibidores se situou a nível cardíaco e que o principal malefício provocado pelos diuréticos se situou a nível renal. This study tried to find out the degree of knowledge of senior and junior athletes of Football Association of Viana do Castelo relating to the use of chemical substances the football. The sample was made by 124 players during the 2006/2007 season. Players considered that most used substances during the competition were stimulants, the main damage caused by the use of stimulants, canabinoides, narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, peptide hormones and inhibitors lied at cardiac level and the diuretics’ main harm laid in the renal level.
- Perfil antropométrico de jogadores seniores de basquetebol da Associação de basquetebol de Viana do casteloPublication . Correia, Luís; Silva, Maria RaquelObjectivo: estudar o perfil antropométrico de basquetebolistas seniores masculinos pertencentes à Associação de basquetebol de Viana do castelo. Amostra: 53 jogadores seniores masculinos de basquetebol. métodos: observação directa e avaliação do treino desportivo e antropométrica dos jogadores (peso, estatura, envergadura, índice de massa corporal, pregas sub-cutâneas, percentagem de massa gorda e densidade corporal). conclusões: A idade e a densidade corporal foram as variáveis não interferiam aparentemente com a definição da posição dos atletas, ao contrário das outras variáveis estudadas. Purpose: to study the anthropometric profile of basketball male players belonging to Associação de basquetebol de Viana do castelo. sample: 53 basketball male players. methods:field observation and evaluation of training and anthropometric parameters (body weight,stature, span, body mass index, skinfolds, percentage of fat mass and body density). conclusions:Age and body density apparently did not influence the definition of players position,on the contrary of other parameters evaluated.
- Home vs. bedroom media devices: socioeconomic disparities and association with childhood screen - and sleep-timePublication . Rodrigues, Daniela; Gama, Augusta; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Nogueira, Helena; Rosado-Marques, Vítor; Silva, Maria Raquel; Padez, CristinaBackground: The literature has shown a widespread use of portable electronic devices among children over the last years. This study aimed to identify the availability of different media devices at home versus in children’s bedroom according to the socioeconomic status (SES), and analyze the association between that availability and children’s screen- and sleep-time on week and weekend days. Methods: Data from 3 to 10 year-old children (n=8430) from a cross-sectional study conducted in Portugal (2016/17) was used. Screen- and sleep-time, availability of media devices, father and mother education (as a proxy measured of SES) were assessed via questionnaire. Results: Available devices at home was significantly more common among high-SES families; while media devices in the bedroom were more frequent in low-SES families (p<0.001). In preschool and elementary school-aged children, media devices in the bedroom was associated with increase screen-time and shorter sleep per day. Also, mobile devices in the bedroom were shown to exert similar, or even more, influence on children’s screen- and sleep-time as television. Conclusions: Further research is needed to explore the pathways by which different electronic media negatively impacts on children’s sleep and screen-time and to develop effective strategies to minimize device access at bedtime.
- Sleep duration, body composition, dietary profile and eating behaviours among children and adolescents: a comparison between portuguese acrobatic gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Hugo-Henrique; Paiva, TeresaSleep, body composition and dietary intake are crucial for athletes' health and performance but have never been investigated in acrobatic gymnasts. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate sleep, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours of acrobatic gymnasts. Using a cross-sectional study, 82 Portuguese acrobatic gymnasts (12.8 ± 3.1 years, 61 females and 21 males) were evaluated during the competitive period to collect training data, sleep duration, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours before, during and after practices. Most of the gymnasts (91.5%) slept less than 8 h/night. Female adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than female children (P = 0.024). Female adolescents' mean body mass was below the normal and 60.0% showed menstrual irregularities; 4.9% of females bases were overweight and 2.4% obese. Male adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than male children (P = 0.001); significant differences were shown for fat-free mass (P = 0.014); however, 3.7% were overweight. All daily energy and macronutrient intakes were significantly different according to age and gender, with exception for fibre and energy intake in females (P = 0.057 and P = 0.052, respectively), and for protein in males (P = 0.068). Female and male adolescents demonstrated significant lower energy availability (32.8 ± 9.4 kcal/kg FFM/day and 45.1 ± 14.7 kcal/kg FFM/day) than children (45.8 ± 8.7 kcal/kg FFM/day and 53.8 ± 9.1 kcal/kg FFM/day), respectively. Significant low intakes of important vitamins and minerals were reported. Most of the participants did not eat or drink during or immediately after training sessions. Conclusion: Acrobatic gymnasts revealed low BF, short sleep duration and macro- and micronutrients inadequate intakes. The Female Athlete Triad was demonstrated by female adolescent gymnasts.
- Relative energy deficiency in sport in young portuguese gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Mariana; Silva, Afonso; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-Henrique
- Genomic profile in association with sport-type, sex, ethnicity, psychological traits and sport injuries of elite athletes: review and future perspectivesPublication . Silva, Hugo-Henrique; Silva, Maria Raquel; Cerqueira, Fátima; Tavares, Valéria; medeiros, rmIn the last few years, some inherited determinants have been associated with elite athletic performance, but its polygenic trait character has limited the correct definition of elite athlete's genomic profile. This qualitative descriptive study aims to summarise the current understanding about genetic and epigenetic factors in elite athletes, as well as their genomic profile in association with sport-type, sex, ethnicity, psychological traits and sport injuries. A narrative review of the literature across a broad cross-section of the elite athletes' genomic profile was undertaken. Elite performance relies on rare gene variants within a great interface between molecular, cellular and behavioural sport-related phenotypes and the environment, which is still poorly understood. ACTN3 rs1815739 and ACE I/D polymorphisms appear to be associated to specific sprint phenotypes and influence the athletic status, i.e., the rs1815739 variant is more influential to 200-m performance and the ACE ID polymorphism is more involved in the longer, 400-m sprint performance. Generally, athletes show endurance-based sports characteristics or power-based sports characteristics, but some studies have reported some genes associations to both sports-based characteristics. Furthermore, genetic studies with larger cohorts of single-sport athletes might be preferable than studies combining athletes of different sports, given the existence of distinct athlete profiles and sport demands. Athletic performance may be influenced by the serotonergic pathway and the potential injury risk (namely stress fracture) might be associated to a genetic predisposition associated to the mechanical loading from the intense physical exercise. The study of gene variants associated to sex and ethnicity-related to athletic performance needs further investigation. The combination of genome-wide association studies addressing the genetic architecture of athletes and the subsequent replication and validation studies might for additional genetic data is mandatory.
- Estudo dos hábitos alimentares e da composição corporal de ginastas praticantes de ginástica artística inserido no estágio curricular em Ciências da NutriçãoPublication . Semblano, Ana; Silva, Maria Raquel