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- Social inequalities in traditional and emerging screen devices among portuguese children: a cross-sectional studyPublication . Rodrigues, Daniela; Gama, Augusta; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Nogueira, Helena; Silva, Maria Raquel; Rosado-Marques, Vítor; Padez, CristinaBackground: Children are often exposed to too much screen time but few studies have explored the use of old and new digital media among young children. This study assesses screen time, including traditional and mobile devices, in pre-school and elementary school-aged children, according to their gender, age, and socioeconomic position (SEP). Methods: A total of 8430 children (3 to 10 years; 50.8% boys) from the north, center and south-central Portugal were included in the present study. Data was collected by a parental questionnaire during 2016/2017. Children’s screen time (by media device, weekdays and at the weekend; calculated by mean minutes per day) were reported by parents. Analysis were carried to compare screen time by children’s age, gender and family SEP (classified using father’s educational degree). Results: Daily screen time was high both in children aged 3 to 5 and 6 to 10 years – 154 min/day (95% CI: 149.51–158.91) and 200.79 min/day (95% CI: 197.08–204.50), respectively – and the majority of children, independently of their gender, exceed the recommended 2 h/day of screen viewing. Children are still primarily engaging in screen time through television but the use of mobile devices, particularly tablets, were already high among 3 year-old children and increased with age. SEP was a negative predictor of screen time in the linear regression analysis, including after adjustment. Conclusions: Considering the negative health impacts of excessive screen time, recognizing subgroups at risk of excessive screen time and identifying how each device is used according to age is fundamental to enable appropriate future interventions. The screen time in children aged 3–10 years is longer than the recommended, particularly among boys and in those children from lower SEP. Parents and policymakers should have in mind that children spend most of their screen time watching television but mobile devices are becoming extremely popular starting at a young age.
- Socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among portuguese preschool‐aged children: changes from 2009 to 2016Publication . Rodrigues, Daniela; Costa, Diogo; Gama, Augusta; Machado‐Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Nogueira, Helena; Silva, Maria Raquel; Rosado‐Marques, Vítor; Padez, CristinaObjectives: We evaluated, for the first time in Portugal, the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to parental education in a population of preschool-aged Portuguese children in 2009/2010 and 2016/2017. Methods: Anthropometric data were collected in public and private preschools (n = 1996 in 2009/2010; n = 2077 in 2016/2017). Body mass index was calculated and weight status categories were based on the International Obesity Task Force cutoff points. Parental education level was self-reported. Results: Prevalence of overweight (17.1%–14.1%; p < 0.001) and obesity (6.6%–3.9%, p < 0.001) was lower in 2016/2017 than in 2009/2010, with higher rates being found in the north of the country. Parental education was significantly associated with childhood overweight and obesity and inequalities between low- and high-education increased between the two periods. Conclusions: While a decrease in childhood overweight and obesity were positive findings, the prevalence is still high and shows pronounced socioeconomic differences. Policies for obesity prevention need to be inclusive and tackle inequalities, with interventions tailored to suit local contexts.
- Prevalência de lesões do quadricipete em jogadores de futebol profissional e amadorPublication . Pereira, Pedro Miguel; Silva, Maria Raquelo futebol é um jogo com uma estrutura cinemática e acíclica, onde ocorrem mudanças de direcção e velocidade. o objectivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de lesões desportivas ao nível do quadricípite em jogadores de futebol profissional e amador. Foram avaliados 66 futebolistas: 36 profissionais e 30 amadores, através da aplicação de um questionário de administração directa estruturado para o efeito. Verificou-se que 62,5% das lesões nos atletas profissionais foram de grau iii, enquanto que nos amadores 60,87% foram de grau iii. porém os amadores sofreram um maior número de lesões do que os profissionais. As lesões desportivas mais frequentes foram as roturas musculares seguidas das contusões e ocorreram maioritariamente nos meses de outubro e novembro e em situação de treino. Football is a sport with a kinematic and acyclic structure, where direction and velocity changes may occur. the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sport injuries of the quadriceps in professional and amateur football players. Sixty–six football players: 36 professionals and 30 amateurs were evaluated by a questionnaire of direct administration and structured for the effect. We verified that 62,5% of injuries in professional athletes were classified as degree iii, while in amateurs 60,87% of injuries were degree iii. However amateurs players suffered from a higher number than professional. the most frequent sport injuries were muscular fractures followed by bruises, occurred mainly in months of october and november and during trainings sessions.
- O uso de substâncias químicas no futebolPublication . Cunha, Ricardo; Silva, Maria RaquelPretendeu-se conhecer o grau de conhecimento, que os jogadores séniores e júniores inscritos na Associação de Futebol de Viana do Castelo detinham, em relação ao uso de substâncias químicas no futebol. A amostra foi constituída por 124 jogadores, na época de 2006/2007. Os jogadores consideraram que a substância mais utilizada durante o período de competição foi os estimulantes, que os jogadores foram os principais responsáveis pelo uso deste tipo de substâncias, que o principal malefício provocado pelos estimulantes, narcóticos analgésicos, esteróides anabolizantes, canabinóides, hormonas peptidicas e inibidores se situou a nível cardíaco e que o principal malefício provocado pelos diuréticos se situou a nível renal. This study tried to find out the degree of knowledge of senior and junior athletes of Football Association of Viana do Castelo relating to the use of chemical substances the football. The sample was made by 124 players during the 2006/2007 season. Players considered that most used substances during the competition were stimulants, the main damage caused by the use of stimulants, canabinoides, narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, peptide hormones and inhibitors lied at cardiac level and the diuretics’ main harm laid in the renal level.
- Perfil antropométrico de jogadores seniores de basquetebol da Associação de basquetebol de Viana do casteloPublication . Correia, Luís; Silva, Maria RaquelObjectivo: estudar o perfil antropométrico de basquetebolistas seniores masculinos pertencentes à Associação de basquetebol de Viana do castelo. Amostra: 53 jogadores seniores masculinos de basquetebol. métodos: observação directa e avaliação do treino desportivo e antropométrica dos jogadores (peso, estatura, envergadura, índice de massa corporal, pregas sub-cutâneas, percentagem de massa gorda e densidade corporal). conclusões: A idade e a densidade corporal foram as variáveis não interferiam aparentemente com a definição da posição dos atletas, ao contrário das outras variáveis estudadas. Purpose: to study the anthropometric profile of basketball male players belonging to Associação de basquetebol de Viana do castelo. sample: 53 basketball male players. methods:field observation and evaluation of training and anthropometric parameters (body weight,stature, span, body mass index, skinfolds, percentage of fat mass and body density). conclusions:Age and body density apparently did not influence the definition of players position,on the contrary of other parameters evaluated.
- Home vs. bedroom media devices: socioeconomic disparities and association with childhood screen - and sleep-timePublication . Rodrigues, Daniela; Gama, Augusta; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Nogueira, Helena; Rosado-Marques, Vítor; Silva, Maria Raquel; Padez, CristinaBackground: The literature has shown a widespread use of portable electronic devices among children over the last years. This study aimed to identify the availability of different media devices at home versus in children’s bedroom according to the socioeconomic status (SES), and analyze the association between that availability and children’s screen- and sleep-time on week and weekend days. Methods: Data from 3 to 10 year-old children (n=8430) from a cross-sectional study conducted in Portugal (2016/17) was used. Screen- and sleep-time, availability of media devices, father and mother education (as a proxy measured of SES) were assessed via questionnaire. Results: Available devices at home was significantly more common among high-SES families; while media devices in the bedroom were more frequent in low-SES families (p<0.001). In preschool and elementary school-aged children, media devices in the bedroom was associated with increase screen-time and shorter sleep per day. Also, mobile devices in the bedroom were shown to exert similar, or even more, influence on children’s screen- and sleep-time as television. Conclusions: Further research is needed to explore the pathways by which different electronic media negatively impacts on children’s sleep and screen-time and to develop effective strategies to minimize device access at bedtime.
- Sleep duration, body composition, dietary profile and eating behaviours among children and adolescents: a comparison between portuguese acrobatic gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Hugo-Henrique; Paiva, TeresaSleep, body composition and dietary intake are crucial for athletes' health and performance but have never been investigated in acrobatic gymnasts. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate sleep, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours of acrobatic gymnasts. Using a cross-sectional study, 82 Portuguese acrobatic gymnasts (12.8 ± 3.1 years, 61 females and 21 males) were evaluated during the competitive period to collect training data, sleep duration, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours before, during and after practices. Most of the gymnasts (91.5%) slept less than 8 h/night. Female adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than female children (P = 0.024). Female adolescents' mean body mass was below the normal and 60.0% showed menstrual irregularities; 4.9% of females bases were overweight and 2.4% obese. Male adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than male children (P = 0.001); significant differences were shown for fat-free mass (P = 0.014); however, 3.7% were overweight. All daily energy and macronutrient intakes were significantly different according to age and gender, with exception for fibre and energy intake in females (P = 0.057 and P = 0.052, respectively), and for protein in males (P = 0.068). Female and male adolescents demonstrated significant lower energy availability (32.8 ± 9.4 kcal/kg FFM/day and 45.1 ± 14.7 kcal/kg FFM/day) than children (45.8 ± 8.7 kcal/kg FFM/day and 53.8 ± 9.1 kcal/kg FFM/day), respectively. Significant low intakes of important vitamins and minerals were reported. Most of the participants did not eat or drink during or immediately after training sessions. Conclusion: Acrobatic gymnasts revealed low BF, short sleep duration and macro- and micronutrients inadequate intakes. The Female Athlete Triad was demonstrated by female adolescent gymnasts.
- Relative energy deficiency in sport in young portuguese gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Mariana; Silva, Afonso; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-Henrique
- Children mental health after the 2008 global economic crisis: assessing the impact of austerity in PortugalPublication . Costa, Diogo; Cunha, Marina; Ferreira, Cláudia; Gama, Augusta; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Rosado-Marques, Vítor; Nogueira, Helena; Silva, Maria Raquel; Padez, CristinaBackground: The austerity measures implemented in Europe after the 2008 global economic crisis, had a negative impact on the population health. The mental health of adults from southern Europe was particularly affected during this period, however, much less is known about the impact of austerity on the mental health of children. This study measured the impact on Portuguese children’s mental health of specific changes in family life during the 2008 economic crisis. Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional analysis of school-aged children (aged 7.5–11 years old, n = 1157) was conducted in 118 public and private schools of three Portuguese districts during 2016/2017. Parent reports of child’s psychosocial functioning (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire – SDQ) and children self-reports of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales, Children version – DASS-C) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL - KIDSCREEN-27), were compared according to eight yes/no questions specifically developed about changes to normal life during the economic crisis (e.g. During the economic crisis did you: “Started buying cheaper food?” “Had to change to more economic housing?”). General linear regression models were fitted to estimate mean scores of the selected mental health outcomes according to the positive or negative answers to each question about the changes to life during the economic crisis. The models were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status and district of residence. Results: Following the crisis 48.6% of the parents reported that they had to use their savings, and 6.8% reported that they had to change to a more economic housing. The questions about the changes to life that occurred during the crisis were associated with more frequent psychosocial problems, depression, anxiety and stress symptoms and with poorer HRQoL among children, after adjustment for potential confounders in the regression models. The effect sizes in mean differences for all mental health outcomes assessed according to the changes were small to moderate (Cohen’s d from 0.01 to 0.68). Conclusion: Specific changes to normal life attributed to the economic crisis seem to have an independent negative impact on the mental health outcomes of primary school-aged children. These results highlight the need to tackle early-life determinants of inequalities in children mental health, particularly among those that were exposed to the economic crisis.
- The environment contribution to gender differences in childhood obesity and organized sports engagementPublication . Nogueira, Helena; Costeira e Pereira, Margarida M.; Costa, Diogo; Gama, Augusta; Machado‐Rodrigues, Aristides; Silva, Maria Raquel; Marques, Vítor R.; Padez, Cristina M.Objective: This study aims to analyze gender-specific associations between sports activity outside of school and obesity, observing to what extent the local built environment contributes to the patterns found. Methods: A total of 2253 children aged 6.0-11.0 years were assessed: 49.3% girls and 50.7% boys. Children's weight and height were measured, age and sex-specific BMI cut-off points were used to define normal vs overweight/obesity. Children's organized sports (OS) activity was assessed by questionnaire, and local facilities for children's engagement in OS were analyzed. Logistic regression models were computed, adjusted for confounding variables. Results: Results showed greater overweight and obesity (25.1% vs 20.1%) and lower OS engagement (66.5% vs 73.8%) in girls as well as greater impact of OS engagement on weight status in girls (OR for having a normal weight = 1.434 in girls vs 1.043 in boys). Additionally, opportunities to engage in OS were scarce for girls. Conclusions: The gender gap in children's weight status and OS engagement might be enhanced by an environmental mismatch that undermines girls' opportunities to play sports. There should be more opportunities for girls to engage in their favorite sports as a means to tackle the obesity epidemic and to promote gender equality.