FCHS (DCPC) - Capítulos de Livros em Editoras Internacionais
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- The European Union: a case of ‘unconventional’ fiscal dederalism?Publication . Vila Maior, Paulo; yesThere has been a lively debate among scholars about the feasibility and desirability of fiscal federalism in the European Union (EU). The paper addresses the question of whether ‘conventional fiscal federalism’ is feasible in the EU, considering the distinctiveness of European integration and the political-economic template of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). It is an attempt to bridge the gap between economics and political science by adding the political conditions that might create difficulties to economics’ rationale. The paper highlights how fiscal federalism is a multi-faceted concept embracing both a centralisation and a decentralisation outcome. Borrowing the Musgravian classification of allocation-equity-stabilisation, the EU is examined as far as redistribution is concerned. The aim is to conclude whether centralisation or decentralisation is the prevailing outcome. For that purpose, the EU is compared with five mature federations on two issues: the depth of regional asymmetries; and the extent to which regional inequalities are redressed through redistribution. Considering that in the EU: i) the current distribution of fiscal competences is favourable to member states; ii) decentralisation is the outcome for the redistribution function; iii) despite monetary policy is the main tool for macroeconomic stabilisation, and this is a policy arena where centralisation prevails; iv) the diminished scope for inter-state solidarity averts more centralisation in redistribution; and v) national governments’ absent political willingness to increase the EU budget; all this suggests that centralised, ‘conventional fiscal federalism’ is ruled out as a feasible solution for the EU. Notwithstanding this doesn’t imply that fiscal federalism is absent from the EU. A distinct, decentralised modality of fiscal federalism already exists, coping with the ‘sui generis’ nature of European integration.
- Does the European Union have its own system of fiscal federalism?Publication . Vila Maior, Paulo; yesThere has been a lively debate among scholars about the feasibility and desirability of fiscal federalism in the European Union (EU). The paper addresses the question of whether ‘conventional fiscal federalism’ is feasible in the EU, considering the distinctiveness of European integration and the political-economic template of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). It is an attempt to bridge the gap between economics and political science by adding the political conditions that might create difficulties to the economics’ rationale. Starting from the conceptual instruments used (fiscal federalism, centralisation and decentralisation) the paper highlights how fiscal federalism is multi-faceted concept embracing both a centralisation and a decentralisation outcome. Borrowing the Musgravian classification of allocation-equity-stabilisation, the EU is examined as far as redistribution and macroeconomic stabilisation are concerned. The aim is to conclude whether centralisation or decentralisation is the prevailing outcome for both functions. Considering that in the EU: i) the current distribution of fiscal competences is favourable to member states; ii) the overall outcome for the aforementioned fiscal functions is decentralisation; iii) despite monetary policy is the main tool for macroeconomic stabilisation, and this is a policy arena where centralisation prevails; iv) the diminished scope for inter-state solidarity averts more centralisation in redistribution; and v) the absent political willingness from national governments to increase the EU budget; all this suggests that ‘conventional fiscal federalism’ is ruled out as a feasible solution for the EU. Notwithstanding this doesn’t imply that fiscal federalism is absent from the EU. A distinct,decentralised modality of fiscal federalism already exists, coping with the ‘sui generis’ nature of European integration.
- Is the European Central Bank a case for institutional adaptation to the challenges of globalisation?: implications for European Union’s democratic legitimacyPublication . Vila Maior, Paulo; yesThe paper focus on the constitutional implications derived from the specific nature of the European Central Bank (ECB) for the would-be polity formation in the European Union (EU). The emphasis is placed on the alleged absence of democratic legitimacy and the intertwined weak pattern of accountability the ECB shows. My argument tries to challenge the reasoning supporting this conventional criticism. Maybe the ECB is not so undemocratic; maybe the institutional arrangements for its accountability are not to be so harshly criticised. The denial of the conventional criticism relies on the specific nature of the supranational polity that is emerging, for which Economic and Monetary Union (and the ECB by large) plays a prominent role. The reasons for this alternative interpretation are twofold. One depicts the specific nature of the European integration process, and the inherent changes to the traditional vision of sovereignty, democracy and accountability. The other challenges the way member states themselves are currently unable to satisfy the requirements of democratic legitimacy and accountability for reasons related to a decay of parliamentary democracies and for the diminished ability nation states have to be the central agents of decision-making in a world of increased economic interdependence. Therefore the ECB may be in possession of sufficient democratic legitimacy (and thus the claims of limited accountability fall apart) if one assess its performance as being the guarantee for price stability as the main political-economic outcome the supranational bank can afford to the European citizens.
- Life interests and optimal experiences related to the school life of adolescentsPublication . Freire, Teresa; Lima, Isabel; Fonte, CarlaLife interests and optimal experiences related to the school life of adolescents.
- Cultural policy and politics of culture: communities and societyPublication . Campelo, ÁlvaroAll approaches to the Cultural Heritage subject dependent on a theoretical position. At first, when the social actors and researchers interested in the problem of cultural heritage, they took a position of defending and preserving its cultural legacy, owned by community. This awareness has been evolving over time. In fact, the importance and sense of cultural heritage in community life was understood only gradually. Over time, national and international institutions built a complex theoretical, legal and administrative collection, reflecting views and perceptions of the role of cultural heritage in community’s lives. It is in this process of political management that we have seen cultural policies and the definition of politics of culture in cultural heritage. And it is at this point that the interests, the ability to impose, or not, rules and procedures, the definition of objectives about selection and heritage purposes, - these have led to a conflict between institutions and actors, with the authority to define, and with communities composed of cultural actors.
- Metropolises. New spaces of urban heritagePublication . Campelo, ÁlvaroWe propose here to examine the processes of metropolisation and how it is influencing the concepts of city and the consequent concept of urban heritage. The practices of Western Cities define what we mean by urban heritage today. Both the question of spatiality, as well as the city's relationship with the surrounding territory and its specificity compared to the countryside were important for the emergence of urban institutions and architectural, politics, religious, cultural, military and housing shapes that composed them. The urban organization itself sets the historical epochs of the city, since the ruins of classical antiquity until the industrial revolution and modern urbanism, including the medieval times. The whole urban web is often seen as a feature of its own, which defines a cultural identity. Therefore, many cities, due to their history and "urban identity" were classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Sites, as is the case of the city of Porto and Guimarães, right next to us.
- Creative industry, museums: the mediation of cultural heritagePublication . Campelo, ÁlvaroContemporary societies are faced with increased competitiveness in their economies, where the local and global challenges must combine, to satisfy the increasing diversity and complexity of consumers. If it’s true that the differentiation and diversification of economic sectors and industrial products require new models of economic development, new positions in the global market, and new marketing strategies, the same is true in industries linked to cultural industries and management of cultural heritage. Regions and cities are concerned to become creative spaces. The concepts of creative region and creative city drew attention to the value of knowledge and science in creating differentiated work and differentiated residential spaces, to capture social groups with improved financial conditions and with higher education. In conjugation with that, we would have high potential for regions and cities as well to become spaces of cultural, social and environmental excellence. In other words, do these spaces define societies of the future and sustainable development (Collis et al 2010)? Normally, when we talk about creative cities, we refer to spaces where big financial investment, education and excellent architecture attract creative industries. These spaces constitute a great focus (on geographical or political power level), where cultural services offerings, investment in urban design and in high technology are conditions for investment and creation of companies linked to creativity. Thus, in addition to the quality of urban space, the presence of cultural institutions, such as culture centres, “creative buildings”, museums and universities (research centres), we have a particular social structure, residential or working, i.e. social and cultural elites. Our question, here, is: are possible creative urban spaces out of that build around technology, urban centres, high tech architecture, and inhabited by common citizens?; can museums contribute to the construction of these creative spaces?; how can cultural heritage, of one local community take an important role in the discussion and building of creative spaces?; how cultural institutions, such as museums, can contribute to the place local communities have within the creative industries?
- Técnicas e estratégias de obtenção do testemunho de crianças vítimas de crimesPublication . Caridade, Sónia; Sani, Ana Isabel; Nunes, Laura M.Ainda que o testemunho das crianças tenha sido negligenciado durante vários anos, hoje é tido, não raras vezes, como sendo de grande relevância e centralidade na descoberta da verdade factual (sobretudo nos crimes sexuais). Para esta mudança de paradigma contribuíram várias transformações macrossociais e o elevado investimento por parte da comunidade científica em analisar de forma aprofundada a relação da criança com o sistema legal. Ao longo deste capítulo, procuraremos, primeiramente, identificar e refletir sobre os diferentes fatores que podem interferir com o testemunho das crianças, contemplando algumas especificidades desenvolvimentais que importa considerar no momento da recolha do testemunho. Posteriormente, procuraremos dar a conhecer as diferentes estratégias e técnicas sugeridas pela literatura para recolher o testemunho da criança, de forma a preservar, por um lado, a espontaneidade, a precisão e a integridade do mesmo e, por outro lado, para reduzir o risco de o contacto da criança com o sistema judicial poder constituir uma forma de vitimização secundária.
- (Re)Pensar a aplicabilidade da justiça restaurativa na violência doméstica: especificidades e desafiosPublication . Caridade, Sónia; Sani, Ana Isabel; Nunes, Laura M.E porque a violência doméstica é hoje amplamente reconhecida como problema social grave em matéria de direitos humanos e de saúde pública, importa que se procurem explorar outras respostas inovadoras e que se coadunem com as reais necessidades das vítimas deste problema. O comprovado descontentamento das vítimas de violência doméstica com o modo de funcionamento do sistema judicial convencional atesta esta necessidade. Ao longo deste capítulo procuraremos (re)pensar a aplicabilidade da justiça restaurativa aos casos de violência doméstica no que respeita à realidade de Portugal. Para tal, começaremos por descrever, de forma sucinta, este novo paradigma da justiça, discutindo-se, de seguida, os argumentos que têm sido utilizados para refutar as práticas restaurativas em processos de violência doméstica, em particular nos relacionamentos íntimos. Por considerarmos que certas assunções associadas à violência doméstica poderão estar a influenciar alguns posicionamentos nesta matéria, procuraremos analisar e debater algumas das especificidades que caracterizam muitos destes processos e os desafios que tal poderá acarretar na aplicabilidade da justiça restaurativa. Neste sentido discutiremos algumas propostas relativas à exequibilidade do modelo, o qual só pode existir do contínuo diálogo com a investigação e consideração, também, das necessidades e direitos da vítima.
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