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- Análise Biográfica, do Estilo de Vinculação e da Personalidade, em Indivíduos com História de Abuso de Substâncias e Condutas DelinquentesPublication . Nunes, Laura M.; Cardoso, Carlos MotaEste trabalho debruça-se sobre a frequente co-ocorrência de dois comportamentos estreitamente ligados: o consumo de drogas e a conduta delituosa. Partindo da ideia de Agra a respeito das particularidades destes indivíduos, questionou-se a possibilidade de um modo específico de funcionamento global, típico desta população e contextualizado num determinado tipo de percurso biográfico. Indagou-se a possível existência de similaridades aos níveis da personalidade e do padrão de vinculação, questionando-se, ainda, a associação entre personalidade e vinculação nestes sujeitos. Procurando tais respostas, adoptou-se um desenho de estudo transversal, retrospectivo, observacional, exploratório, descritivo, correlacional e baseado no auto-relato. Recorreu-se à triangulação inter-métodos, dos dados qualitativos e dos quantitativamente tratados, buscando compreender este registo comportamental. Para tanto, apelou-se à entrevista semi-estruturada e semi-directiva e a uma grelha de registo de comportamentos não verbais, para recolha de informação posteriormente submetida à análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (2004), bem como ao Inventário NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R) e à Escala de Vinculação no Adulto (EVA) para avaliar, respectivamente, a personalidade e a vinculação. Os resultados, obtidos numa amostra de 53 indivíduos do sexo masculino com história de consumo de substâncias e práticas delinquentes e com uma média de 36 anos de idade (desvio-padrão de 8,24 anos), conduziram à conclusão de que estes sujeitos apresentam regularidades ao nível do percurso biográfico, com claras falhas no seu processo de socialização, tendo-se desenvolvido no seio de famílias problemáticas cujo estilo educativo terá sido predominantemente negligente, não favorecendo a consolidação de laços sociais e afectivos. Foram encontradas similaridades em termos de personalidade, como os elevados valores de Neuroticismo e os valores muito baixos para a Extroversão, a Abertura à Experiência, a Amabilidade e a Conscienciosidade, a par de um padrão de vinculação predominantemente Inseguro Evitante. Encontraram-se correlações entre a vinculação predominante e a personalidade, designadamente, correlações positivas entre a vinculação Evitante e as facetas Assertividade e Actividade, e correlações positivas entre o mesmo padrão de vinculação e as facetas Fantasia, Assertividade e Actividade. Estes resultados permitiram aceder aos aspectos tácitos e subjacentes à manifestação concomitante destes comportamentos, fornecendo elementos úteis para as prevenções primária, secundária e terciária. The present thesis focuses on the frequency of the co-occurrence of two strictly connected behaviours: drug consumption and delinquency. Starting with Agra’s idea on the particularities of these individuals, we questioned the possibility of a characteristic global functioning mode which was typical of this population and simultaneously contextualized in a specific biographic course. We also questioned about the possible existence of similarities between personality and attachment pattern, as well as the association between attachment and personality in these individuals. While searching for these answers, we adopted a transversal, retrospective, observational, exploratory, descriptive, co-relational and self-reported based study. We used inter-method triangulation to handle both qualitative and quantitative data while we tried to understand this behavioural pattern. In order to do so, we appealed to the semi-structured and semi-directive interview, using a non-verbal behaviours’ grid to collect data that was later submitted to the contents’ analysis proposed by Bardin (2004), as well as to the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R) and to the attachment scale “Escala de Vinculação no Adulto (EVA)” [Attachment in Adults’ Scale], in order to evaluate personality and attachment, respectively. The results were obtained from a 53 male individuals’ sample with history of substance abuse and delinquent practises and with an average age of 36 years old (deviation: 8,24 years). These results led us to conclude that these individuals have certain biographic regularities, with clear failure on their socialization process, which had started within problematic families whose educational style must have been predominantly negligent and non-favourable to social and affective bonds. Personality similarities, such as high levels of Neuroticism and low levels for Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were found, along with an attachment pattern mainly Insecure Avoidant. Co-relations between predominant attachment and personality, namely, positive co-relations between Avoidant attachment and Assertiveness and Activity were also found, as well as positive co-relations between Avoidant and Fantasy, Assertiveness and Activity. These results allowed us to access tacit and underlying aspects of these behaviours, giving us useful elements to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Ce travail se penche sur la fréquente co-occurrênce de deux comportements étroitement liés : la consommation de drogues et la conduite délictueuse. Suite a l’idée d'Agra concernant les particularités de ces personnes, on s'est questionné sur la possibilité d'un mode spécifique du fonctionnement global, typique de cette population et contextualizé dans un certain type de parcours biographique. La possible existence de similitudes aux niveaux de la personnalité et du modéle d'attachement a été enquêtée, en s'interrogeant, sur l'association entre la personnalité et l'attachement de ces sujets. En cherchant telles réponses, il a été adopté un dessin d'étude transversal, de rétrospective, observation, exploratoire, descriptif, corrélation et basée sur l'autorapport. On a fait appel à la triangulation inter-méthodes, des données qualitatives et quantitativement traitées, en cherchant comprendre ce registre comportemental. Pour cela, il a été fait appel à l'entrevue semi-structurée et semi-directive et à une grille de registre de comportements non verbaux, pour une collecte d'informations ultérieurement soumises à l'analyse de contenu proposée par Bardin (2004), ainsi qu'à l'Inventaire NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO PI-R) et à l'Echélle d’ Attachement de l'Adulte (EVA). Les résultats, obtenus sur un échantillon de 53 personnes du sexe masculin avec un historique de consommation de substances et pratiques délinquantes , et une moyenne d’âge de 36 ans (écart type de 8.24 années), nous ont emmené à conclure que ces sujets présentent des régularités au niveau du parcours biographique, avec de claires imperfections dans leur processus de socialisation, en ayant développée, au sein de familles problématiques, dont le style éducatif aura été majoritairement négligent, en ne favorisant pas la consolidation de laceaux sociaux et affectifs. Il a été trouvé des similitudes dans la personnalité, comme les valeurs élevées de Neuroticisme et les valeurs très basses d' Extroversion, d'Ouverture à l'Expérience, d'Amabilité et de Consciencialité, de pair avec une norme de rapport majoritairement Instable Evitant. Il a été trouvé des corrélations entre l'attachement prédominant et la personnalité. Ces résultats ont permis d'accéder aux aspects tacites et subjacents à la manifestation concomitante de ces comportements, en fournissant des éléments utiles pour les préventions primaire, secondaire et tertiaire.
- O crime da globalização e a globalização do crimePublication . Nunes, Laura M.Pode afirmar-se que crime e globalização se associam, de forma a que o primeiro acabe por revelar novas modalidades, desenhando novas configurações para os velhos crimes através da abertura propiciada pela globalização e pelas novas tecnologias de comunicação. Do jogo à prostituição, do tráfico de seres humanos à fraude, do roubo às acções terroristas, o crime expande-se globalmente. O presente artigo procura apresentar brevemente esta nova realidade e apela à necessidade de se adequarem os mecanismos de controlo social. It can be argued that globalization and crime are associated, since crime ends up revealing new modalities and being extended to new configurations through the obtained by globalization and new communication technologies. From Illegal gambling, prostitution, fraud, human traffic to terrorist acts, crime spreads itself globally. This article aims to present briefly this new reality, and to draw the attention for the need to adapt the social control mechanisms.
- School personnel perception of parental involvement and students’ behavior problems: practical implicationsPublication . Caridade, Sónia; Azevedo, Vanessa; Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta; Sani, Ana Isabel; Nunes, Laura M.School is a privileged context to prevent specific behavior problems. Parental involvement in school activities is crucial to promote social functioning. This study aimed to access the Portuguese school personnel perception of parental involvement and students’ behavior problems. A study with 333 school personnel, aged between 29 and 66 (M = 50.84, SD = 7.54), was developed. School personnel’s participants rated parental involvement as low and nearly one in five professionals rated student’s general behavior as bad. A significant association between parental involvement and the perception of students’ general behavior was found. 80% of the professionals rating student’s general behavior as bad also rating parental involvement as poor. Additional research into implications of parental involvement in school activities and school students’ behavior problems is necessary aiming assessment, prevention, and intervention strategies in this area.
- School diagnostic: Perceptions of educational professionalsPublication . Caridade, Sónia; Sani, Ana Isabel; Nunes, Laura M.Aim: The school is a privileged context to prevent certain problems that may begin during the development of young students. The main objective is to assess the perceptions of educational professionals about the school structure, functioning, and organization, as well as students’ behaviors. Method: We developed an exploratory study using a questionnaire, applied to a sample of 81 educational agents, teachers and non-teachers, aged between 25 and 62 years (M = 45.8, SD = 10.6). Results: Despite the positive perception of the participants about the physical school environment, it is necessary to create spaces for leisure and sport, logistic conditions and multidisciplinary teams in order to maximize the overall good functioning of schools. Adding to this, participants described the participation of parents in the school life as negative; they also identified several disruptive behaviours among students and referred to a general lack of active participation in life school. Conclusion: It is important to create action plans in schools, which should be multimodal and multi-agent in order to have intervention perspectives with connected actions developed by different educational agents.
- Predicting frequent and feared crime typologies: individual and social/environmental variables, and incivilitiesPublication . Caridade, Sónia; Magalhães, Mariana; Azevedo, Vanessa; Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta; Maia, Rui Leandro; Estrada, Rui; Sani, Ana Isabel; Nunes, Laura M.The lack of organisation in urban spaces plays a decisive role in the level of integration, communication and social bonds of the residents, impacting the citizens’ feelings of trust and security. Different personal variables and contextual characteristics have been associated with the fear of crime (FOC). The main objective of this study is to analyse how individual and social/environmental variables, and incivilities, predict crime against people and property, crime that has either happened or is feared to happen. Five hundred and fifty-four residents (M = 43.82; SD = 18.38) in the Historic Centre of Porto (HCP), Portugal, answered 61 items of the Diagnosis of Local Security (DLS) Questionnaire. The results of this study show that in the most frequent crime category, 72% of occurrences represent crime against property. In the feared crime category, there is a preponderance of crime against people (61%). Age of the respondents predicted the most frequent and feared crime, while sex predicted the most feared crime only. Social/environmental variables, as well as incivilities, also predict the frequent and feared crime in two typologies, i.e., crime against people and crime against property. Practical implications to reduce FOC and areas for further investigation are discussed.
- Dicionário Enciclopédico: Comportamento e Saúde MentalPublication . Nunes, Laura M.; Fonte, Carla; Alves, Sónia; Sani, Ana Isabel; Estrada, Rui; Caridade, SóniaEscrita num registo multidisciplinar, a presente obra reúne 235 verbetes, redigidos por 142 autores, especialistas nacionais e internacionais de diferentes instituições académicas e profissionais, estruturados em 4 domínios: 1) Comportamento Humano 2) Saúde Mental versus Doença Mental 3) Ciências e Constructos 4) Métodos e Técnicas Cada um dos verbetes deste livro apresenta, define e procura esclarecer, com a precisão possível, um tópico relevante relacionado com o comportamento e com a saúde mental. Se a saúde mental é um estado de bem-estar emocional e psicológico, mediante o qual o indivíduo é capaz de fazer uso das suas habilidades emocionais, cognitivas e sociais, convém não esquecer que a ausência de uma doença mental não significa que a pessoa goze de boa saúde mental. Por isso, o acompanhamento do seu comportamento diário é a melhor forma de conhecer o estado da sua saúde mental. Pensado e organizado para se constituir como um instrumento de referência para consulta, os estudantes e profissionais das áreas da psiquiatria, psicologia, enfermagem psiquiátrica, criminologia, serviço social e sociologia, entre outros, encontrarão, neste livro, um forte contributo para um maior conhecimento e evidência dos conceitos aqui apresentados.
- Abordagens contemporâneas de Violência e CrimePublication . Caridade, Sónia; Sani, Ana Isabel; Nunes, Laura M.; Estrada, Rui; Viana, FernandaA temática da violência e do crime, nas suas mais diversas manifestações e abordagens, tem motivado o desenvolvimento de várias pesquisas científicas e manuais de referência no nosso país e os quais se têm revelado profícuos para sumariar o estado do conhecimento e, consequentemente, apoiar e sustentar os esforços preventivos e interventivos neste domínio. Dando continuidade aquela que tem sido a estratégia de trabalho do grupo de investigadores do Observatório Permanente Violência e Crime (http://opvcufp.com/), a presente obra visa compilar/sistematizar algum do conhecimento produzido em torno de três grandes vetores - nas áreas da vitimação, violência e crime, procurando integrar fundamentalmente abordagens contemporâneas nestes domínios. Neste sentido, foram estabelecidas três grandes secções, nas quais se procura cruzar a violência e o crime com a vitimação (Parte I), com as questões de género (Parte II) e o sistema de justiça (Parte III), acolhendo um total de 12 capítulos, distribuídos equitativamente pelas três secções da obra. Nesta obra contamos com contributos de alguns investigadores do OPVC, mas também de diferentes especialistas nacionais e internacionais que se têm destacado na área de atuação com vítimas de violência e de crime.
- Direct and indirect victims of urban crime in the historic centre of Porto (Portugal): prevalence, dynamics and associated variablesPublication . Azevedo, Vanessa; Sani, Ana Isabel; Paulo, Daniela; Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta; Nunes, Laura M.This study aims to quantify and characterize direct and indirect victimization and to analyse the associations between victimization and sociodemographic, criminal and environmental, social control and community variables in the urban area of the Historic Centre of Porto (hcp), Portugal. A total of 554 participants answered the “Diagnosis of Local Security Questionnaire” through face-to-face inquiry. The overall prevalence of victimization was 38.11%, with 17.7% being direct victims and 29.0% indirect victims. The most reported crimes were robbery, theft and offenses to physical integrity, which occurred mainly at night, on the street. The majority of victims sought police support, but satisfaction level with the authorities was low. Sociodemographic, criminal and environmental variables were associated with (in)direct victimization.
- Report presenting the first results of LookCrim ProjectPublication . Nunes, Laura M.; Sani, Ana Isabel; Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta; Gouveia, Feliz Ribeiro; Oliveira, Gisela; Guerreiro, Maria João; Freitas, Pedro; Estrada, Rui; Maia, Rui Leandro; Caridade, Sónia; Azevedo, Vanessa; Paulo, Daniela; dos Santos, Hugo; Ferreira, Inês; Gonçalves, Maria João
- Youth victims of community violence: developmental outcomes and prevention challengesPublication . Caridade, Sónia; Sani, Ana Isabel; Nunes, Laura M.; Dinis, Maria Alzira PimentaCommunity violence (CV) is recognized as a complex problem, with multiple origins and expressed in variable ways, encompassing different types of violence and crimes (e.g., assault, rape, robbery), as a result of circumstances that are related to the characteristics of the environment. Due to socialization and independence processes that are part of youth developmental pathways, young people tend to spend more time away from home and on the street, becoming more exposed to violence and thus also contributing to repeated victimization processes. Different studies have shown that distinct situations may promote numerous victimization processes, with a particular impact on the developmental outcomes of youth and causing great suffering. It has been reported that exposure to violence in the community is associated with mental health issues, i.e., post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, poor academic performance, aggressive and antisocial behaviours, alcohol and substance abuse, along with multiple adverse health risk behaviours, suicidal ideation, and also resulting in subsequent homelessness in adulthood. With this review chapter, it is intended to analyse and discuss the impact that CV exposure has on youth, accompanied with practical proposals to prevent it. The concept of CV and the different types of violence and crimes that could be involved are examined, mapping the prevalence of youth affected by this form of violence, analysing the effects of exposure to CV, and concluding with initiatives aimed to contribute to the prevention against this sort of violence, and to minimize the consequences and suffering involved.