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- Tourism as a source of taxation - the portuguese casePublication . Rodrigues, Carlos; Campina, AnaThe phenomenon of world tourism has been growing worldwide and with it, all the economic evolution is supported by the multiple activities that support it. This study aims to understand how tourism in Portugal generates tax revenues that contribute to obtaining income for the annual budgets of the Portuguese state (J.J. Gomes Canotilho & Vital Moreira, 2007 p. 1088). The methodology applied to this analysis focuses only on two taxes and is exclusively supported by statistical data from highly credible institutions in Portugal. Thus, we can identify it as a mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative), using research, analysis, and interpretation of scientific data.
- The economic/business importance of franchising in Portugal – (re)analysis of the franchising contractPublication . Rodrigues, Carlos; Campina, AnaIf we analyse the ‘2018/2019 Franchising Census’ carried out by the APF – Portuguese Franchising Association, we see that in Portugal, and for the year 2018, Franchising generated a turnover of more than 8 billion euros, which corresponded to 3.96% of the national GDP. This turnover is the result of the ‘Franchising Contracts’ signed by the 528 active brands, distributed among Services, with 57.7% of the preference, followed by Commerce, with 29% and Restaurants, with 13.3%. When we look at the levels of initial investment by franchisees, we see that this initial investment was up to €25,000.00 for 43.6% of Franchisees, €25,000.00 to €50,000.00 for 26.5%, €50,000.00 to €100,000.00 for 17.7%, €100,000.00 to €250,000.00 for 9.9% and, finally, with an investment of more than €250,000.00 for the remaining 2.2%. In other words, more than 70% of the initial investment by franchisees did not exceed €50,000.00. The relevance of these figures for the Portuguese economy is the basis for presenting a legal (re)analysis of the ‘Franchising Contract’ in the Portuguese legal system, using a logical-deductive methodology of the legal regime of this type of contract.
- Migrants and refugees in Europe: acceptation, integration and crime preventionPublication . Rodrigues, Carlos; Campina, AnaGlobal migration is a reality of the Humanity, due the most different reasons, but within specific legal frameworks – each State and International Law, representing different position and possibilities to the human beings as by the political, social, economic, and cultural powers. This research is focused on the global migration and refugees, within the international legal definition. If there are States and regions where these human beings are welcome, accepted, and integrated, not only by the legal context but by the governments, societies, and economy. Since the Arab Spring, the reality for millions of Refugees is dramatic by the violation of the Human Rights, the International Law, and States Fundamental Rights. There are a controverse Public Opinion provoking the discrimination, rejection, and violence against these Human Beings, creating such negative conditions that conduct millions to the abandonment or even death. There are different international movements, involving International organized crime acting with Migrants and Refugees – human trafficking, smuggling, exploitations, violence, and all kind of violations. The International Security – legal, protection and criminal (re)action, police authorities – between States and International Organizations have developed different reactions. This is a serious and difficult problem needing a permanent effective work of all structures to protect millions of Human beings. The European Union, working together the international community, as well as with the most different movements – public and/or private – need to develop a concerted and strategic work receiving and integrating the Refugees, which measures must cover and protect all in Europe, regardless their origin.
- The social importance of the migrants in the states developmentPublication . Rodrigues, Carlos; Campina, AnaThe International Migration in the global and complex nowadays context need and must be continuously studied and understanding due the relevance of the mobility of millions of human beings around the world, as well as there is a basic need to promote different perspectives of this reality based on real data. Depending on the context of the Migrant State, life conditions or need to survive, in fact there are multiple reasons for the Migration and consequently the conditions provided to live and work. Due the Pandemic, since 2020 there were several changes of the International Migration due the restrictions to accept and integrate them, as the multiple motivation to migrate, however it was uninterrupted movement. In 2021 was globally registered 29 million of Migrants, but the real number it is higher due the illegal ones. From the international data and the facts, the Migrants social contribution to the States it ́s undoubtable: employment rates and inherent GDP growth; (2020: 73% -international migrants worldwide were between 20 -64 years old, compared to 57% for the total population”); demographic performance; the economic and financial evolution (decreasing or contributing to prevent poverty). Although most of the States have public policies to receive, protect and integrate Migrants, there is a serious need to develop a strategic education for their effective social importance, promoting a continuous evolution of the Political and Social behavior with these human beings and, in a special need and context, to promote a renew ethical and human International Public Opinion.
- The politicization of human rights in the universal pandemic 2020: the relationship between the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the international tax lawPublication . Campina, Ana; Rodrigues, CarlosThe Pandemic 2020, unexpected, affected the Human Rights politicization in Europe within different dimensions. The undoubtable relevance to the minimum existential, more than the discourse, the main legal instruments, avoiding the negative politicization disruption. This research was based on the Education and the Protection of Property. So, the main question supported this study was in the global pandemic moment, considering its broad implications in the social, economic and political domain, came to call into question the right to universal education, and tend to be free, due to the lack of financial resources from the Social State? We propose to debate connects with the need for tax collection to meet the expenses of the Social State, namely for the Education expenses and whether the economic limitation caused by the current pandemic in the face of the GDP sharp decline, has been associated with a large decrease in the collection of tax revenues. In order to achieve the conclusions proposed, in addition to evidently study the various generations of Human Rights, the politicization, we have to study the different instruments of international tax law and the action of the European Court of Human Rights for its effectiveness.
- Jean Monnet module: European Union's political statement on human rights in the age of artificial intelligencePublication . Carvalho Campina, Ana Cláudia; Rodrigues, Carlos Augusto; Modrzejewski, Arkadiusz; Nevado, Pedro T.Artificial Intelligence systems have relevant implication on Human and Fundamental Rights where the European Union and State Members and their Governments must dialogue, maintain the intensive debate in strait relationship with International Community. There is no option than acting in a straight and articulate methodology. Although the different and numerous proposals to legislate and regulate de AI systems and technologies, but there is a serious and urgent need: a work to develop. The Jean Monnet Module - “European Union's political statement on Human Rights in the age of Artificial Intelligence” – aims to improve teaching / learning, research, and scientific production. The Module will be realized (course – lectures) in three EU state members – Portugal, Poland, and Spain – aiming to involve academic student and interested people from different levels (Study Cycles), different scientific areas and aiming to achieving different institutions in each course/country. From the three Conferences to the final Congress there will be meeting and debate from experts, researchers, and persons/institutional representatives (International, EU and National). It will be promoting dialogue, debate, and the exchange of ideas / information between and to different target groups (interdisciplinary) on EU political statement on Human Rights, considering the potentialities and the threads of the Artificial Intelligence age. All the (Module) project is focuses on education with the objective to generate knowledge and promote behaviors adapted to the actuality (in each year / EU state). The final product will be published – E-Book disseminated in each state member, European Union and Internationality. The Jean Monnet Module aims to be part of the EU´s digital strategy and integrate the aim to be part of the transformation work for people with an ethic, studying and contributing to an interdisciplinary and multidimensional analysis and educate for the protection and education for Human Rights in AI era.
- Proceedings book – Corrupção: democracia e direitos humanosPublication . Carvalho Campina, Ana Cláudia; Rodrigues, Carlos Augusto; Bernardo, SandraA 3ª Edição de 2025, dedicado à “Ciência Política”, o Congresso debruçar-se-á sobre “O combate à corrupção como proteção da democracia e da dignidade humana” decorrente do atual contexto nacional e internacional de combate a este flagelo que mina todas as estruturas da sociedade, quer olhemos para ela no plano nacional, quer o façamos num ambiente internacional.
- Proceedings book – Diplomacia económicaPublication . Carvalho Campina, Ana Cláudia; Rodrigues, Carlos Augusto; Bernardo, SandraA 2ª Edição de 2024, dedicado às “Relações Internacionais”, o Congresso debruçar-se-á sobre a “Diplomacia Económica” decorrente do atual contexto nacional e internacional que nos coloca frente a potencialidades e, simultaneamente fragilidades, que envolvem o comércio internacional de produtos e serviços, a atração do Investimento Direito Estrangeiro e o acesso aos modelos internacionais de financiamento. Atentes na importância da Diplomacia económica, analisada sob a perspetiva da evolução do “investimento direto do exterior em Portugal”, que no ano de 2023 ascendeu a 180 411,22 M€, ou no facto de no ano de 2023 o “saldo da balança comercial em Portugal” ter tido um saldo positivo de 3 275,9 M€. Considerando o enquadramento internacional, caraterizado pela interdependência das economias, a globalização do mercado e consequentemente da concorrência, se a internacionalização é inevitável, impera a necessidade inequívoca de debater o papel basilar da Diplomacia Económica, na sua ação interestatal com especial relevância nas repercussões para as empresas e a sua competitividade num mercado alargado, promovendo proveitos na cadeia de valor dos produtos e serviços.
- The Council of Europe and the International Cooperation preventing and fighting against International Organized CrimePublication . Campina, Ana; Rodrigues, CarlosUnderstanding the world and Humanity changes due the Globalization phenomenon allows to identify the special conditions created that promote the implementation and the dissemination of the International Organized Criminality, in short time, affecting the International Community in all dimensions. As one of the most serious threats to the Rule of Law, violating the national legal systems and the International Law, being especially dangerous to the states and human lives in a global context. The International, regional and (most of) national juridical and judicial systems recognize the International Organized Criminality as a emergent problem that needs to be in the top of the political agenda and of the action by the Institutions aiming to prevent and fight their evolution, their dangerous damages and consequences to all their target – human and institutional. Although all difficult but effective legal, political, economic, and social work in this fight, mainly by the United Nations in cooperation with International Organizations and States, the Council of Europe (CoE) assumed their responsibility to protect their State Members, their citizens, and the rest of the world by inherence. There is an enormous political and legal work, with a straight position based on their main structure document, the European Convention on Human Rights, but with the specialized work teams, understanded as need in each case. Consequently, the CoE has a continuous production of legislation and management of procedures and activities, as well as International political and governance diplomatic relations in networks, in compliance with the International Law facing the challenge that context obliges permanently. Since 1959, with the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, the strategic action promoted is the multidimensional International Cooperation between all “actors” in the International Community, preventing the violation of the International Law, generated conditions to apply the International Penal Law and developing policymaking articulated with the real contexts and needs. Within International Community, the Cooperation is the best key to join procedures to transcend the difficulties and constraints to achieve to the prevention and fight against the International Organized Criminality. This scientific research is being developed based on juridical, criminal, and political methodology, mainly qualitative, but presenting statistic data to demonstrate the results discussed.
- Cybercrime and the Council of Europe Budapest Convention: prevention, criminalization, and International CooperationPublication . Campina, Ana; Rodrigues, CarlosThe Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (2001) and their Additional Protocols (2021) is considered as one coherent international agreement and the base to prevent, combat and criminalize this dangerous crime. The International Law and the national legislations are being developed according to this Convention, based on the strategic (re)action to this crime that is increasing with the worst consequences all around the world. The Rule of Law were obliged to develop their legislation, mainly Penal Law, considering the emergent need to answer to the most serious violations of the fundamental and the Human rights of their citizens, using the most modern technology through the internet, with capacity and efficacy that seriously affect all dimensions of life. The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime provides the criminalization of conduct; the procedural powers to the criminal investigation; and the International Cooperation as one of the most efficient and law enforcement to prevent and combat the Cybercrime. The 77 States Participants close working with the States Observers, within the International Cooperation strategy, connected with Governments, police authorities (national and international), International Organizations and Institutions have been the more profitable strategic (re)action, promoting the cooperation position to the emerging challenges, although the cybercrime is one of the hardest crimes to face. So, there is an evolution in the instruments and strategies to prevent and combat the Cybercrime, but there is an urgent need of an effective legal and social (re)solution, otherwise there will have world and human irreversible impacts. Finally, from the law and cybercrime challenges, the strategy is largely confirmed by the cooperation: the sharing a) information within the legal frameworks; b) the response – operational or tactical; c) the works in the Darkweb; the market, financial and economic movements facing the cybercrime or to denounce the cybercriminals; d) transparency to prevent the cybercrime evolution and implementation.
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