Browsing by Author "Silva, Hugo-Henrique"
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- FAAH rs324420 polymorphism is associated with performance in elite rink-hockey playersPublication . Silva, Hugo-Henrique; Tavares, Valéria; Silva, Maria Raquel; Neto, Beatriz Vieira; Cerqueira, Fátima; Medeiros, R.Genetic factors are among the major contributors to athletic performance. Although more than 150 genetic variants have been correlated with elite athlete status, genetic foundations of competition-facilitating behavior influencing elite performances are still scarce. This is the first study designed to examine the distribution of genetic determinants in the athletic performance of elite rink-hockey players. A total of 116 of the world’s top best rink-hockey players (28.2 ± 8.7 years old; more than 50% are cumulatively from the best four world teams and the best five Portuguese teams), who participated at the elite level in the National Rink-Hockey Championship in Portugal, were evaluated in anthropometric indicators/measurements, training conditions, sport experience and sport injuries history. Seven genetic polymorphisms were analyzed. Polymorphism genotyping was performed using the TaqMan® Allelic Discrimination Methodology. Rink-hockey players demonstrated significantly different characteristics according to sex, namely anthropometrics, training habits, sports injuries and genetic variants, such as Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) rs731236 (p < 0.05). The Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) rs324420 A allele was significantly associated with improved athletic performance (AA/AC vs. CC, OR = 2.80; 95% Cl, 1.23–6.35; p = 0.014; p = 0.008 after Bootstrap) and confirmed as an independent predictor among elite rink-hockey players (adjusted OR = 2.88; 95% Cl, 1.06–7.80; p = 0.038). Our results open an interesting link from FAAH-related biology to athletic performance.
- Genomic profile in association with sport-type, sex, ethnicity, psychological traits and sport injuries of elite athletes: review and future perspectivesPublication . Silva, Hugo-Henrique; Silva, Maria Raquel; Cerqueira, Fátima; Tavares, Valéria; medeiros, rmIn the last few years, some inherited determinants have been associated with elite athletic performance, but its polygenic trait character has limited the correct definition of elite athlete's genomic profile. This qualitative descriptive study aims to summarise the current understanding about genetic and epigenetic factors in elite athletes, as well as their genomic profile in association with sport-type, sex, ethnicity, psychological traits and sport injuries. A narrative review of the literature across a broad cross-section of the elite athletes' genomic profile was undertaken. Elite performance relies on rare gene variants within a great interface between molecular, cellular and behavioural sport-related phenotypes and the environment, which is still poorly understood. ACTN3 rs1815739 and ACE I/D polymorphisms appear to be associated to specific sprint phenotypes and influence the athletic status, i.e., the rs1815739 variant is more influential to 200-m performance and the ACE ID polymorphism is more involved in the longer, 400-m sprint performance. Generally, athletes show endurance-based sports characteristics or power-based sports characteristics, but some studies have reported some genes associations to both sports-based characteristics. Furthermore, genetic studies with larger cohorts of single-sport athletes might be preferable than studies combining athletes of different sports, given the existence of distinct athlete profiles and sport demands. Athletic performance may be influenced by the serotonergic pathway and the potential injury risk (namely stress fracture) might be associated to a genetic predisposition associated to the mechanical loading from the intense physical exercise. The study of gene variants associated to sex and ethnicity-related to athletic performance needs further investigation. The combination of genome-wide association studies addressing the genetic architecture of athletes and the subsequent replication and validation studies might for additional genetic data is mandatory.
- Relative energy deficiency in sport in young portuguese gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Mariana; Silva, Afonso; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-Henrique
- Relative energy deficiency in sport in young Portuguese gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Mariana; Silva, Afonso; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-HenriqueObjective: Research on energy-deficient athletic cohorts has broadened the concept of the Female Athlete Triad into the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport syndrome, that represents a spectrum of abnormalities induced by low energy availability, affecting competing athletes, in particular gymnasts. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status, body composition, including bone mineral density, of rhythmic and artistic gymnasts, during the competitive period. Methods: Data were collected using a questionnaire about sociodemographic data, training, food intake (3- non-consecutive days food record) and body composition (anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance and bone densitometry). All participants (n=59) provided informed consent. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 27 for Windows. Main results: The athletes’ mean age was 12.0±2.8 years old and they trained 13.6±5.5 hours/week. They showed reduced body weight, height and body fat, and a high fat-free mass (37.0±9.8Kg; 144.9±12.4cm; 9.8±2.9%; 96.1±1.7%; respectively). Their bone mineral density estimated was 0.60±0.08g/cm², which doesn’t represent a risk to bone health. They showed an energy intake of 1370.0±454.2kcal/day and an energy availability of 35.8±15.9kcal/kg fat-free mass/day. Regarding the distribution of macronutrients, 62.7% were below carbohydrates recommendations, 67.8% exceed those of protein and 62.7% consumed fat according to the recommendations. In terms of micronutrients, vitamins D, E and K, and minerals’ consumption, such as calcium, magnesium and potassium were below the recommendations (13.9±6.2µg/day; 591.0±259.2mg/day; 165.2±51.0mg/day; 1920.4±618.6mg/day; respectively). Conclusions: Gymnasts revealed energy deficiency, as well as, low energy availability, which were reflected in their body composition. Therefore, nutritional education is urgent for gymnasts and all around them.
- Sleep duration, body composition, dietary profile and eating behaviours among children and adolescents: a comparison between portuguese acrobatic gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Hugo-Henrique; Paiva, TeresaSleep, body composition and dietary intake are crucial for athletes' health and performance but have never been investigated in acrobatic gymnasts. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate sleep, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours of acrobatic gymnasts. Using a cross-sectional study, 82 Portuguese acrobatic gymnasts (12.8 ± 3.1 years, 61 females and 21 males) were evaluated during the competitive period to collect training data, sleep duration, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours before, during and after practices. Most of the gymnasts (91.5%) slept less than 8 h/night. Female adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than female children (P = 0.024). Female adolescents' mean body mass was below the normal and 60.0% showed menstrual irregularities; 4.9% of females bases were overweight and 2.4% obese. Male adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than male children (P = 0.001); significant differences were shown for fat-free mass (P = 0.014); however, 3.7% were overweight. All daily energy and macronutrient intakes were significantly different according to age and gender, with exception for fibre and energy intake in females (P = 0.057 and P = 0.052, respectively), and for protein in males (P = 0.068). Female and male adolescents demonstrated significant lower energy availability (32.8 ± 9.4 kcal/kg FFM/day and 45.1 ± 14.7 kcal/kg FFM/day) than children (45.8 ± 8.7 kcal/kg FFM/day and 53.8 ± 9.1 kcal/kg FFM/day), respectively. Significant low intakes of important vitamins and minerals were reported. Most of the participants did not eat or drink during or immediately after training sessions. Conclusion: Acrobatic gymnasts revealed low BF, short sleep duration and macro- and micronutrients inadequate intakes. The Female Athlete Triad was demonstrated by female adolescent gymnasts.
- The elite athlete as a special risk traveler and the jet lag's effect: lessons learned from the past and how to be prepared for the next Olympic Games 2020 Tokyo?Publication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-HenriqueElite athletes have to travel long-haul distances and cross multiple meridians; thus, a unique syndrome named as jet-lag is induced. Furthermore, traveler athletes are submitted to several factors negatively affecting their well-being and athletic performance. This qualitative descriptive study aims to promote safely and future promising participations of elite athletes in great events, such as the next Olympic Games 2020 Tokyo, based on the chronobiology of jet-lag, factors affecting the traveler athlete and previous experiences from the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil, the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia and the Olympic Games Rio 2016. Methods: A narrative review of the literature across a broad cross-section of the chronobiology of jet-lag and factors affecting the traveler athlete was undertaken. In addition, a general analysis based on the past sport events aforementioned is also included. Results: The jet-lag disorder may occur after transmeridian travel over more than three time-zones and the resynchronization is dependent on the direction and number of the time-zones crossed and the availability and the intensity of local circadian time cues. Also the athlete's ability to sleep, eat, get hydrated and train, are essential, as well as, others individual tolerance differences, such as age, gender, chronotype and ethnic differences. Athletes should arrive a number of days before the competition according to the number of time-zone transitions experienced. Conclusions: Jet-lag is usually benign and self-limited, but can occasionally have serious consequences for the athlete's mental and physical health and performance. A good plan concerning the athlete's traveling schedule, sleeping, eating and training before and after travelling is mandatory.