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- Relative energy deficiency in sport in young portuguese gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Mariana; Silva, Afonso; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-Henrique
- Relative energy deficiency in sport in young Portuguese gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Mariana; Silva, Afonso; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-HenriqueObjective: Research on energy-deficient athletic cohorts has broadened the concept of the Female Athlete Triad into the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport syndrome, that represents a spectrum of abnormalities induced by low energy availability, affecting competing athletes, in particular gymnasts. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status, body composition, including bone mineral density, of rhythmic and artistic gymnasts, during the competitive period. Methods: Data were collected using a questionnaire about sociodemographic data, training, food intake (3- non-consecutive days food record) and body composition (anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance and bone densitometry). All participants (n=59) provided informed consent. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 27 for Windows. Main results: The athletes’ mean age was 12.0±2.8 years old and they trained 13.6±5.5 hours/week. They showed reduced body weight, height and body fat, and a high fat-free mass (37.0±9.8Kg; 144.9±12.4cm; 9.8±2.9%; 96.1±1.7%; respectively). Their bone mineral density estimated was 0.60±0.08g/cm², which doesn’t represent a risk to bone health. They showed an energy intake of 1370.0±454.2kcal/day and an energy availability of 35.8±15.9kcal/kg fat-free mass/day. Regarding the distribution of macronutrients, 62.7% were below carbohydrates recommendations, 67.8% exceed those of protein and 62.7% consumed fat according to the recommendations. In terms of micronutrients, vitamins D, E and K, and minerals’ consumption, such as calcium, magnesium and potassium were below the recommendations (13.9±6.2µg/day; 591.0±259.2mg/day; 165.2±51.0mg/day; 1920.4±618.6mg/day; respectively). Conclusions: Gymnasts revealed energy deficiency, as well as, low energy availability, which were reflected in their body composition. Therefore, nutritional education is urgent for gymnasts and all around them.
- Association of rs324420 (C385A) polymorphism with high-level performance in volleyball playersPublication . Silva, Hugo-Henrique; Tavares, Valéria; Silva, Maria Raquel; Neto, Beatriz Vieira; Cerqueira, Fátima; Medeiros, RuiGenetic variants are recognized to affect athletic performance, partially by modulating competition-facilitating behavior. In this study, the role of three genetic variants previously linked to athlete status was investigated among elite volleyball players. A total of 228 players (26.7 ± 8.1 years old) participating in the Portuguese championship and with multiple medalists in national and international competitions were evaluated in terms of anthropometrics, training regime, sports experience, and a history of sports lesions. SNP genotyping was conducted by means of TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Methodology. Volleyball players showed significantly different anthropometric indicators and training habits according to sex ( < 0.05). The A allele of the genetic variant () rs324420 (C385A) was shown to be significantly associated with superior athletic achievements under a dominant genetic model (AA/AC vs. CC, odds ratio (OR) = 1.70; 95% Cl, 0.93-3.13; = 0.026; < 0.001 after Bootstrap), which was corroborated by a multivariable analysis (AA/AC vs. CC adjusted OR = 2.00; 95% Cl, 1.04-3.82; = 0.037). Age and hand length were also found to be independently associated with high-level performance ( < 0.05). Our results confirm the role of in athletic performance. More investigation into this polymorphism's potential impact on stress coping, pain, and inflammation regulation in sport, particularly in the scope of lesions prevention and treatment, is required.