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- How gardens and public parks are responding to cities social and environmental challenges? a case study of Porto, PortugalPublication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Fernandes, Cláudia; Barros, Nelson; Vilaça, Helena; Maia, Rui LeandroCities must be pleasant and healthy spaces able to contribute to ecosystems regeneration and bring closer Humans and Nature. According to the 11 SDG of 2030 Agenda, by 2030 should be provided universal access to safe and inclusive public green spaces. Scientific evidences emphasize the multiple benefits of ecosystems services: regulation, provision, cultural and support.The main goal of this research aims to evaluate how the ecosystems services of gardens and public parks (GPP), in the city Porto, are responding to contemporary social and ecological challenges and, consequently, which differences are found within city socioeconomic and environmental vulnerability clusters.
- Methodological proposal to evaluate public urban green spacesPublication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Fernandes, Cláudia; Barros, Nelson; Maia, Rui LeandroCities must be pleasant and healthy spaces able to contribute to ecosystems regeneration and to bring closer Humans and Nature. However, cities are unequal spaces regarding the distribution of environmental resources, resulting in environmental injustice: socioeconomic vulnerable areas are, simultaneously, those where is identified the bigger environmental vulnerability, in part due to the poor quality of public green spaces - resulting in poor air quality and the increase of noise level – and the social segregation. Therefore, the present work aim to present a methodological proposal to evaluate urban green spaces quality.
- Usos e perceções sobre jardins e parques públicos urbanos - resultados preliminares de um inquérito na cidade do Porto (Portugal)Publication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Fernandes, Cláudia; Viterbo, Lilian Monteiro Ferrari; Vilaça, Helena; Barros, Nelson; Maia, Rui LeandroA crescente concentração populacional nas cidades é reconhecida como um dos principais desafios contemporâneos. É nas cidades que os desafios sociais e ambientais se agigantam, implicando um olhar sobre o planeamento urbano sustentável. Os espaços verdes urbanos desempenham um papel importante na resposta a tais desafios, concretamente através dos serviços dos ecossistemas. Os serviços culturais ganham especial relevo, nomeadamente na melhoria da saúde mental, física e social dos seus utilizadores. Este trabalho tem como objetivos conhecer os usos e as perceções dos utilizadores dos jardins e parques públicos da cidade do Porto, bem como de que forma esses mesmos espaços estão a satisfazer as suas necessidades, estabelecendo uma relação com a localização dos mesmos na cidade tendo em conta uma maior ou menor privação socioeconómica e ambiental. Partindo de inquérito por questionário em fase de aplicação aos utilizadores de 25 jardins e parques de acesso público, propõem-se uma discussão sobre os resultados preliminares obtidos (n=131). Os resultados permitem um esboçar do perfil dos potenciais utilizadores destes espaços, além de revelarem que espaços da cidade em áreas de maior privação socioeconómica e ambiental são percecionados pelos seus utilizadores como espaços verdes com menor qualidade. Espera-se que os resultados auxiliem na definição de estratégias de atratividade dos espaços verdes da cidade que possuem menor qualidade e se inserem em zonas de maior privação.
- Combining an evaluation grid application to assess ecosystem services of urban green spaces and a socioeconomic spatial analysisPublication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Fernandes, Cláudia; Viterbo, Lilian Monteiro Ferrari; Vilaça, Helena; Barros, Nelson; Maia, Rui LeandroThe complex interaction of ecological and social systems has shaped the cities through the time. This fosters the need to develop interdisciplinary approaches to urban issues by combining natural and social sciences. Cities, as the predominant mode of social organization, are vulnerable to social and environmental challenges which urban green spaces (UGS) can contribute to solve by the ecosystem services (ES) that can provide. The objective was to assess the quality of UGS framed by the ES classification and relate with the provision of these services in areas of distinct socioeconomic and environmental deprivation. An evaluation grid was applied in 25 UGS in the city of Porto. Socioeconomic and environmental deprivation index applied by the Porto City Hall in the Municipal Master plan to divide the city into 5 clusters of deprivation was used to select 5 UGS of each cluster. In the most deprived communities, namely in clusters of high and very high socioeconomic and environmental deprivation, the quality of UGS is lower than in the less vulnerable ones. Besides this, it was found that some UGS located in clusters with higher vulnerability have an overall good quality, namely those located in historic and touristic areas of the city. The evaluation grid may be useful to the local authorities to diagnose, monitor and evaluate the ES of UGS and to identify situations of environmental injustice contributing to pursue the implementation of sustainable development goals at a local level.
- Healthy cities to healthy people: a grid application to assess the potential of ecosystems services of public urban green spaces in Porto, PortugalPublication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Fernandes, Cláudia; Viterbo, Lilian Monteiro Ferrari; Barros, Nelson; Maia, Rui LeandroIntroduction Contemporary cities face multiple socioenvironmental and health challenges that undermine the efforts to promote healthy environments. The 11th goal – Sustainable cities and communities – of United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development states that the presence of nature in cities plays a vital role for its sustainability through public urban green spaces (PUGS) accessible and with quality for all. Objectives This work describes the application of a grid to evaluate the potential of the ecosystems services (ES) of PUGS. Methodology The grid was applied in 25 PUGS in the city of Porto, divided into 5 clusters of socioeconomic and environmental deprivation (SED), ranging from very high to very low), and is composed by 6 sections with 37 domains assessed: i) identification; ii) description of the activities; iii) activities that take place; iv) assessment of the environment quality; v) existence of infrastructure and facilities; and vi) security. Dimensions iii, iv, v and vi are filled in the grid by a dichotomous answer: No = 0; Yes = 1. All data calculation and statistical analyses were performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics vs.25.0. The grid was applied in January 2019 and each PUGS visit lasted 20-25 minutes. Results The highest total score (33) corresponds to 2 parks located in a low and medium SED clusters. The lowest score (9) corresponds to 2 gardens located in a very high and high SED clusters. The most critical dimension assessed of the PUGS has to do with the activities it offers (Median = 2). On the other hand, the dimension with the highest scores relates to the PUGS environmental quality (Median = 8). Regarding results by SED clusters, it is observed that lowest scores, in all assessed domains, are from PUGS located in high and very high SED clusters. Conclusion This work presents useful information regarding the importance of promoting PUGS with quality and accessible from all, especially to socioeconomic vulnerable groups, which should be the major goal of public policies designers.
- A review on the cultural ecosystem services provision of urban green spaces: perception, use and health benefitsPublication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Dias, Ricardo; Oliveira, Gisela; Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta; Filho, Walter Leal; Fernandes, Cláudia; Barros, Nelson; Maia, Rui LeandroThis study presents a systematic review to investigate the multiple dimensions of cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by urban green spaces (UGS) that aim to contribute to supporting the ecosystem services framework towards more sustainable cities. Methodologically, the search was based on peerreviewed journal papers indexed in ScienceDirect, PubMed and Google Scholar platforms (2000–2020), following the PRISMA specific guidelines. The search returned 5417 results. After the initial screening process, 41 articles were finally selected. The results highlighted a set of main dimensions of CES: (1) perception and assessment, (2) recreation, and mental and physical health, (3) aesthetic appreciation/ inspiration for culture, art and design, (4) tourism, and (5) spiritual experience and sense of place. The common framework among these dimensions shows that UGS’ uses and motivations are influenced by user age and space characteristics. The findings encourage the development of relational approaches to help understand what UGS’ users feel and experience in these places, how UGS contribute to promoting healthier and more sustainable cities, and how UGS increase wellbeing for people of all ages.
- Behavioural mapping of urban green spaces users: methodological procedures applied to Corujeira Garden (Porto, Portugal)Publication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Fernandes, Cláudia; Patoilo Teixeira, Catarina; Dias, Ricardo; Seixas, Paulo Castro; Barros, Nelson; Vilaça, Helena; Maia, Rui LeandroCurrent evidence states that urban green spaces (UGS) increase the quality of urban settings, enhance local resilience and promote sustainable lifestyles, being recognized as an effective nature-based-solution. The socioecological research, by combining social and ecological variables, is useful to fully explore Humans-Nature interactions. The direct observation of behaviours is a mobilized technique in socioecological research. However, two particular aspects of this technique should be further explored: the relationship of individuals with the UGS and the mapping of the behaviours that configure this relationship. The present work describes the methodological steps of the Behavioural Mapping (BM) application in a public garden located in the city of Porto regarding users’ behaviours. Preliminary findings identified that the poor quality of both urban furniture and maintenance of natural elements in the garden strongly discouraged a full enjoyment of the UGS. Also, warm areas with trees are usually preferred by users. The absence of well-maintained natural elements does not allow full fruition of the UGS. Based on these findings, BM can be useful for both socioecological research and supporting people-centred and place-based public policies. BM can support landscape planners and decision-makers with empirical evidence on the relationship between space design and its uses.
- Os jardins da cidade: um olhar sociológico sobre o mapeamento do comportamento humano dos utilizadores do Jardim da CorujeiraPublication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Fernandes, Cláudia; Dias, Ricardo; Seixas, Paulo Castro; Barros, Nelson; Vilaça, Helena; Maia, Rui LeandroEste artigo apresenta um olhar sociológico sobre o Jardim da Corujeira, localizado na cidade do Porto,aplicando atécnica do mapeamento do comportamento humano aos seus utilizadores.Para tal, conjugaram-sevariáveis sociais, ambientais e espaciais que permitiramidentificar regularidades de comportamentos sociais que, por um lado, traduzem a relaçãodos utilizadorescom o espaço e, por outro, evidenciam pistas para intervenções futuras no jardim. Estes resultados evidenciam o potencial do mapeamento do comportamento humano para uma leitura sociológica dos jardins da cidade como espaços que reproduzem desigualdades e lutas por justiça ambiental e justiça socioespacial urbana
- Patterns of human behaviour in public urban green spaces: on the influence of users' profiles, surrounding environment, and space designPublication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Patoilo Teixeira, Catarina; Fernandes, Cláudia; Olszewska-guizzo, Agnieszka; Dias, Ricardo; Vilaça, Helena; Barros, Nelson; Maia, Rui LeandroPublic urban green spaces (PUGS) play a vital role in the dense urban fabric as places of Nature-Society contact and socialization. Despite some advances in the field, the relationship between the PUGS surroundings and their users' behaviours remains unclear. This study examined the patterns of human behaviour in four PUGS of the city of Porto, on the north Portuguese coast, where the behavioural mapping method was applied. Observational data regarding 979 PUGS users' socio-demographics and behaviours were recorded on a base map and a grid between August and November 2020. The use patterns during different times of the day were disaggregated across behaviours and users' profiles, and their relationship with the surroundings and design elements was assessed with ANOVA, Chi-Square test, and Pearson correlation. The findings presented may pave the way for future studies and inform the urban planning and design of the effectiveness of new interventions, namely providing more accurate aligning between the greenspace design language with users' needs. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of considering the sociodemographic background of PUGS users and the surroundings to guide designers and planners.
- Development and validation of a grid to evaluate ecosystem services of public urban green spaces in Porto (Portugal)Publication . Vidal, Diogo Guedes; Fernandes, Cláudia; Viterbo, Lilian Monteiro Ferrari; Vilaça, Helena; Barros, Nelson; Maia, Rui LeandroCities must be pleasant and healthy spaces able to contribute to ecosystems regeneration and to bring closer Humans and Nature. Contemporary social and environmental issues present big challenges to promoting sustainable and resilient cities. The potential of ecosystem services of the urban green spaces is visible in the regeneration of urban environment, namely in the improvement of environmental and public health and social dimensions. This work presents the development and validation of a grid to evaluate ecosystem services of public urban green spaces. The grid was applied in 25 public urban green spaces in the city of Porto. Statistical tests were performed to evaluate the reliability and consistency of the tool. Results show that the grid is robust and reliable, thus its application is acceptable and could result in potential gains. These include the monitoring of ecosystem services of public urban green spaces to adjust them to citizen’s social and environmental needs, namely if the tool will be adopted by the municipal department of green spaces and infrastructure management of the city of Porto, Portugal.