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Crescer no desassossego: risco, proteção e resiliência na psicopatologia do desenvolvimento
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Abstract(s)
A psicopatologia do desenvolvimento, enquanto área integrativa de estudo, ampliou o seu foco de fatores de risco e de proteção isolados para processos múltiplos, com o intuito de retratar a realidade dinâmica de crianças e adolescentes. Como tal, constata-se uma ampla aplicação na investigação do modelo de risco e de proteção cumulativos. Este estudo, retrospetivo e apoiado em metodologias quantitativas de caráter observacional, correlacional e diferencial, pretendeu verificar o efeito de índices de risco e de proteção cumulativos na psicopatologia do desenvolvimento, nomeadamente nas dimensões de internalização e de externalização, resiliência, sexo e grupo etário. Participaram neste estudo 52 crianças e adolescentes, entre os 6 e 17 anos, de ambos os sexos, que foram acompanhados numa clínica universitária de psicologia, entre 2015 e 2020. Os materiais utilizados foram o Questionário de Comportamentos da Criança (CBCL 6-18), preenchido pela mãe, as fichas de triagem e de anamnese. As variáveis compósitas, índice de risco cumulativo (IRC) e índice de proteção cumulativa (IPC), levando em consideração múltiplos domínios, incluíram, respetivamente, sete fatores de risco (e.g., stressores maternos pré-natais, afastamento parental, vitimização por pares) e seis fatores de proteção (e.g., saúde física, número de irmãos, competências psicossociais). Os resultados indicam que as correlações entre IPC e problemas de externalização e sintomatologia geral, assim como as diferenças no IPC entre grupos normativo e clínico de problemas de externalização, são significativas. Umas das conclusões relevantes que o estudo permite retirar é que cada um dos fatores de risco e de proteção tem importância para a compreensão da psicopatologia e da resiliência, e não apenas a soma dos mesmos, como propõe o modelo cumulativo. Sugere-se para futuras investigações que, em conjunto com o modelo cumulativo, se utilizem outros modelos de risco e de proteção múltiplos de forma a salvaguardar a abordagem integrativa da psicopatologia do desenvolvimento.
Developmental psychopathology, as an integrative field of study, has broadened its focus from isolated risk and protection factors to multiple processes, in order to portray the dynamic reality of children and adolescents. As such, there is a wide application of cumulative risk and protection model in research. This study, retrospective and supported by quantitative methodologies of observational, correlational, and differential character, aimed to verify the effect of cumulative risk and protection indices on the developmental psychopathology, namely in the dimensions of internalizing and externalizing, resilience, gender, and age group. The study included 52 children and adolescents, between 6 and 17 years, of both sexes, who were followed at a university psychology clinic between 2015 and 2020. The materials used were the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 6-18), filled out by the mother, the screening and anamnesis forms. The composite variables, cumulative risk index (CRI) and cumulative protection index (CPI), considering multiple domains, included, respectively, seven risk factors (e.g., prenatal maternal stressors, parental leave, peer victimization) and six protective factors (e.g., physical health, number of siblings, psychosocial competencies). The results indicate that the correlations between CPI and externalizing problems and total symptomatology, as well as the differences between normative and clinical groups of externalizing problems in CPI, are significant. One of the relevant conclusions that the study allows to draw is that each of the risk and protective factors is important for understanding psychopathology and resilience, and not only the sum of them, as proposed by the cumulative model. It is suggested for future investigations that, beside the cumulative model, other models of multiple risk and protection might be used to safeguard the integrative approach of developmental psychopathology.
Developmental psychopathology, as an integrative field of study, has broadened its focus from isolated risk and protection factors to multiple processes, in order to portray the dynamic reality of children and adolescents. As such, there is a wide application of cumulative risk and protection model in research. This study, retrospective and supported by quantitative methodologies of observational, correlational, and differential character, aimed to verify the effect of cumulative risk and protection indices on the developmental psychopathology, namely in the dimensions of internalizing and externalizing, resilience, gender, and age group. The study included 52 children and adolescents, between 6 and 17 years, of both sexes, who were followed at a university psychology clinic between 2015 and 2020. The materials used were the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 6-18), filled out by the mother, the screening and anamnesis forms. The composite variables, cumulative risk index (CRI) and cumulative protection index (CPI), considering multiple domains, included, respectively, seven risk factors (e.g., prenatal maternal stressors, parental leave, peer victimization) and six protective factors (e.g., physical health, number of siblings, psychosocial competencies). The results indicate that the correlations between CPI and externalizing problems and total symptomatology, as well as the differences between normative and clinical groups of externalizing problems in CPI, are significant. One of the relevant conclusions that the study allows to draw is that each of the risk and protective factors is important for understanding psychopathology and resilience, and not only the sum of them, as proposed by the cumulative model. It is suggested for future investigations that, beside the cumulative model, other models of multiple risk and protection might be used to safeguard the integrative approach of developmental psychopathology.
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Keywords
Psicopatologia do desenvolvimento Resiliência Risco cumulativo Proteção cumulativa Developmental psychopathology Resilience Cumulative risk Cumulative protection