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Perfil de resistĂȘncias antimicrobianas da Salmonella enterica em matrizes alimentares
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Abstract(s)
Atualmente, o gĂ©nero Salmonella representa uma das maiores causas de doenças de origem alimentar a nĂvel mundial. Pertencente Ă famĂlia das Enterobacteriaceae, esta bactĂ©ria de Gram-negativo pode colonizar nĂŁo sĂł o Homem como tambĂ©m os animais, podendo atĂ© mesmo hospedar-se em plantas, ĂĄgua ou no meio ambiente. ResponsĂĄvel por causar infeçÔes em humanos, a Salmonella pode desencadear diversas condiçÔes clĂnicas variando entre estados pouco graves a estados muito graves classificadas segundo dois grandes grupos: InfeçÔes por S. tifĂłide, responsĂĄvel pela febre entĂ©rica (presente essencialmente em paĂses em desenvolvimento); e InfeçÔes por S. nĂŁo tifĂłide, mais conhecidas por salmoneloses, responsĂĄvel por gastroenterite. Em 2019, foram confirmados mais de 85 000 casos de salmonelose em humanos na UniĂŁo Europeia, sendo esta considerada a segunda doença gastrointestinal mais comum, logo apĂłs as infeçÔes por Campylobacter. Uma vez que o principal reservatĂłrio de S. nĂŁo tifĂłide sĂŁo os animais, Ă© considerada uma zoonose e tem-se tornado uma das maiores causas de surtos de origem alimentar em todo o mundo.
A resistĂȘncia aos antibiĂłticos em S. nĂŁo tifĂłide surge, em grande parte, devido ao uso desta classe de fĂĄrmacos na criação de animais. O uso excessivo de antimicrobianos em animais de consumo tem vindo a constituir um risco emergente a nĂvel da saĂșde pĂșblica pois a prevalĂȘncia de estirpes de Salmonella multirresistentes acaba por dificultar a escolha de esquemas terapĂȘuticos para o tratamento de diversas infeçÔes. A identificação de Salmonella em produtos alimentĂcios, a realização de testes de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos, a identificação de genes de resistĂȘncia e a anĂĄlise de antibiĂłticos como promotores de crescimento sĂŁo algumas das medidas tomadas para proceder a intervençÔes direcionadas de forma a travar a evolução das resistĂȘncias consequentes do uso de antibiĂłticos na produção animal. Muitos paĂses jĂĄ traçaram um plano de ação que passa por estabelecer sistemas de monitorização para controlar esta problemĂĄtica.
Nesse sentido, ao longo desta revisĂŁo bibliogrĂĄfica, considerou-se essencial proceder num primeiro momento, Ă caraterização da Salmonella, seguida da anĂĄlise dos mecanismos de resistĂȘncias envolvidos no agente em questĂŁo. Finalmente, destacou-se o papel da SaĂșde PĂșblica face Ă problemĂĄtica apresentada e a proposta de medidas para controlar os riscos subjacentes.
Today, the genus Salmonella represents one of the major causes of food-borne diseases worldwide. Belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, this Gram-negative bacterium can colonise not only humans but also animals, and can even take up residence in plants, water or the environment. Responsible for causing infections in humans, Salmonella can trigger various clinical conditions ranging from mild to very serious states classified according to two major groups: Typhoid Salmonella Infections, responsible for enteric fever (present mainly in developing countries); and Non-Typhoid Salmonella Infections, better known as salmonellosis, responsible for gastroenteritis. In 2019, more than 85 000 cases of salmonellosis in humans were confirmed in the European Union, this being considered the second most common gastrointestinal disease, just after Campylobacter infections. Since the main reservoir of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella is the animal, this zoonosis has become a major cause of foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella is largely due to the use of this class of drugs in animal husbandry. The excessive use of antimicrobials in food animals has become an emerging public health risk because the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella makes it difficult to choose therapeutic regimens for the treatment of various infections. Identifying Salmonella in food products, performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing, identifying resistance genes and analysing antibiotics as growth promoters are some of the measures taken to provide targeted interventions to halt the development of resistance resulting from the use of antibiotics in animal production. Many countries have already drawn up an action plan that includes establishing monitoring systems to control this problem. In this sense, throughout this bibliographical review, it was considered essential to firstly characterise Salmonella, followed by an analysis of the resistance mechanisms involved in the agent in question. Finally, the role of Public Health in relation to the problem presented and the proposal of measures to control the underlying risks were highlighted.
Today, the genus Salmonella represents one of the major causes of food-borne diseases worldwide. Belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, this Gram-negative bacterium can colonise not only humans but also animals, and can even take up residence in plants, water or the environment. Responsible for causing infections in humans, Salmonella can trigger various clinical conditions ranging from mild to very serious states classified according to two major groups: Typhoid Salmonella Infections, responsible for enteric fever (present mainly in developing countries); and Non-Typhoid Salmonella Infections, better known as salmonellosis, responsible for gastroenteritis. In 2019, more than 85 000 cases of salmonellosis in humans were confirmed in the European Union, this being considered the second most common gastrointestinal disease, just after Campylobacter infections. Since the main reservoir of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella is the animal, this zoonosis has become a major cause of foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella is largely due to the use of this class of drugs in animal husbandry. The excessive use of antimicrobials in food animals has become an emerging public health risk because the prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella makes it difficult to choose therapeutic regimens for the treatment of various infections. Identifying Salmonella in food products, performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing, identifying resistance genes and analysing antibiotics as growth promoters are some of the measures taken to provide targeted interventions to halt the development of resistance resulting from the use of antibiotics in animal production. Many countries have already drawn up an action plan that includes establishing monitoring systems to control this problem. In this sense, throughout this bibliographical review, it was considered essential to firstly characterise Salmonella, followed by an analysis of the resistance mechanisms involved in the agent in question. Finally, the role of Public Health in relation to the problem presented and the proposal of measures to control the underlying risks were highlighted.
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Keywords
InfeçÔes por Salmonella ResistĂȘncias antimicrobianas Matrizes alimentares SaĂșde pĂșblica Salmonella infections Antimicrobial resistance Food products Public health