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A influência dos hábitos respiratórios na má oclusão infantil numa população francesa: estudo transversal
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Introdução: A respiração desempenha um papel essencial no crescimento e desenvolvimento das estruturas craniofaciais. Quando alterada nomeadamente através da respiração oral ou mista pode contribuir para o aparecimento de más oclusões e disfunções orais, afetando a saúde oral e geral das crianças.
Objetivos: Este estudo teve como principal objetivo analisar a influência dos hábitos respiratórios no desenvolvimento de más oclusões em crianças entre 6 e 10 anos de idade, numa população escolar francesa. Pretendeu-se ainda observar sinais clínicos associados, antecedentes médicos respiratórios e funções orais relacionadas, como a deglutição e o bruxismo.
Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal. Foi aplicado um questionário aos responsáveis legais e a realização de uma avaliação clinica intraoral nas instalações da instituição escolar. A amostra foi composta por 135 crianças. A análise estatística descritiva e inferencial foi efetuada com o recurso ao software IBMR SPSSR Statistics v.30.0. Para a analise das associações entre variáveis qualitativas foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado (χ2), considerando-se significativo um valor de p<0,05.
Resultados: Verificou-se que 34,1% das crianças apresentavam respiração nasal, 33,3% respiração mista e 32,6% respiração oral. A respiração oral esteve significativamente associada a presença de más oclusões do tipo Classe II (p<0,01) e mordida aberta anterior (p=0,02). Também foi observada a relação entre o tipo de respiração e a presença de deglutição atípica (p<0,001), reforçando o impacto funcional destes hábitos na morfologia orofacial. Crianças com respiração mista ou oral apresentaram maior frequência de sinais clínicos como dormir com a boca aberta (p=0,003), ronco noturno (p<0,001) e boca seca ao acordar. Verificou-se ainda uma correlação entre a presença de alergias respiratórias e o tipo de respiração (p=0,04), bem como entre antecedentes de cirurgias as amígdalas/adenoides e uma melhoria na prevalência da respiração nasal.
Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que os hábitos respiratórios alterados estão significativamente associados a presença de más oclusões dentárias e a disfunções orais secundárias, como a deglutição atípica. A identificação precoce destes sinais por profissionais de saúde e pela família, poderá contribuir para uma abordagem preventiva eficaz e multidisciplinar, promovendo um crescimento craniofacial mais equilibrado e funcional.
Introduction: Breathing plays a key role in the growth and development of craniofacial structures. When altered — particularly through oral or mixed breathing — it may contribute to the development of malocclusions and oral dysfunctions, affecting both the oral and general health of children. Objectives: This study aimed to analyse the influence of respiratory habits on the development of malocclusions in children aged 6 to 10 years, within a French school population. It also sought to observe associated clinical signs, medical respiratory history and related oral functions such as swallowing and bruxism. Methodology: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted. A questionnaire was distributed to legal guardians, and an intraoral clinical examination was carried out within the school premises. The sample consisted of 135 children. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics v.30.0 software. Chi-square tests (χ²) were used to assess associations between qualitative variables, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS/MMED – 639/25-2, 07 March 2025). Results: It was found that 34,1% of the children presented nasal breathing, 33,3% mixed breathing, and 32,6% oral breathing. Oral breathing was significantly associated with the presence of Class II malocclusion (p<0.01) and anterior open bite (p=0.02). A strong correlation was also observed between breathing type and atypical swallowing (p<0.001), highlighting the functional impact of these habits on orofacial morphology. Children with oral or mixed breathing patterns showed a higher frequency of clinical signs such as mouth breathing during sleep (p=0.003), nocturnal snoring (p<0.001), and dry mouth upon waking. A correlation was also found between respiratory allergies and breathing type (p=0.04), as well as between a history of tonsil/adenoid surgery and improvement in nasal breathing prevalence. Conclusion: The results indicate that altered breathing habits — especially oral and mixed patterns — are significantly associated with malocclusions and secondary oral dysfunctions such as atypical swallowing. Early identification of these signs by healthcare professionals and families can contribute to effective and multidisciplinary preventive strategies, promoting more functional and harmonious craniofacial development.
Introduction: Breathing plays a key role in the growth and development of craniofacial structures. When altered — particularly through oral or mixed breathing — it may contribute to the development of malocclusions and oral dysfunctions, affecting both the oral and general health of children. Objectives: This study aimed to analyse the influence of respiratory habits on the development of malocclusions in children aged 6 to 10 years, within a French school population. It also sought to observe associated clinical signs, medical respiratory history and related oral functions such as swallowing and bruxism. Methodology: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted. A questionnaire was distributed to legal guardians, and an intraoral clinical examination was carried out within the school premises. The sample consisted of 135 children. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics v.30.0 software. Chi-square tests (χ²) were used to assess associations between qualitative variables, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Fernando Pessoa (FCS/MMED – 639/25-2, 07 March 2025). Results: It was found that 34,1% of the children presented nasal breathing, 33,3% mixed breathing, and 32,6% oral breathing. Oral breathing was significantly associated with the presence of Class II malocclusion (p<0.01) and anterior open bite (p=0.02). A strong correlation was also observed between breathing type and atypical swallowing (p<0.001), highlighting the functional impact of these habits on orofacial morphology. Children with oral or mixed breathing patterns showed a higher frequency of clinical signs such as mouth breathing during sleep (p=0.003), nocturnal snoring (p<0.001), and dry mouth upon waking. A correlation was also found between respiratory allergies and breathing type (p=0.04), as well as between a history of tonsil/adenoid surgery and improvement in nasal breathing prevalence. Conclusion: The results indicate that altered breathing habits — especially oral and mixed patterns — are significantly associated with malocclusions and secondary oral dysfunctions such as atypical swallowing. Early identification of these signs by healthcare professionals and families can contribute to effective and multidisciplinary preventive strategies, promoting more functional and harmonious craniofacial development.
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Respiração oral Má oclusão Crianças Deglutição atípica Saúde oral Oral breathing Malocclusion Children Atypical swallowing Oral health