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Falsas memórias: a fragilidade da prova testemunhal e do reconhecimento de pessoas no processo penal brasileiro
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dissertação de mestrado_43423 | 953.37 KB | Adobe PDF |
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
As falsas memórias constituem um fenômeno psicológico que envolve a lembrança imprecisa, distorcida ou até mesmo a criação de eventos que jamais ocorreram. No âmbito do processo penal brasileiro, esse fenômeno tem gerado intensos debates, especialmente quanto à confiabilidade dos depoimentos testemunhais e dos procedimentos de reconhecimento de pessoas. Esses elementos, embora amplamente utilizados na formação da convicção do julgador, nem sempre são submetidos a critérios científicos de validação. Pesquisas em neurociência e psicologia cognitiva apontam que a memória humana é falível, sendo moldada por múltiplos fatores, como o tempo, a sugestão, a pressão emocional, o ambiente de coleta da prova e a interação social entre vítimas e testemunhas. No Brasil, os reconhecimentos são frequentemente realizados em contextos informais, muitas vezes nas delegacias, sem o cumprimento de diretrizes técnicas que poderiam minimizar riscos de erro. A falta de protocolos uniformes, aliada ao estresse das vítimas, aumenta significativamente a possibilidade de condenações injustas com base em provas frágeis. Tais falhas procedimentais atentam contra princípios fundamentais do processo penal, como o contraditório, a ampla defesa e a presunção de inocência. Diante desse cenário, torna-se urgente a adoção de medidas estruturais e formativas, como o treinamento especializado de agentes públicos, a implementação de protocolos científicos de reconhecimento e o fortalecimento da cultura jurídica voltada à crítica da prova testemunhal. Promover um processo penal mais técnico, garantista e baseado em evidências confiáveis é essencial para evitar erros judiciais, proteger os direitos fundamentais dos acusados e assegurar a credibilidade das decisões proferidas pelo Judiciário.
False memories are a psychological phenomenon involving the inaccurate, distorted, or even fabricated recollection of past events. Within the context of Brazilian criminal procedure, this phenomenon has sparked intense debate, especially regarding the reliability of eyewitness testimony and suspect identification procedures. These forms of evidence, although widely used in shaping judicial decisions, are not always subjected to scientific validation criteria. Research in neuroscience and cognitive psychology shows that human memory is fallible, shaped by multiple factors such as time, suggestion, emotional pressure, the environment in which the evidence is collected, and social interactions between victims and witnesses. In Brazil, suspect identifications are often conducted in informal settings—frequently at police stations—without adherence to technical guidelines that could reduce the risk of error. The absence of standardized protocols, combined with victims’ emotional stress, significantly increases the likelihood of wrongful convictions based on weak evidence. Such procedural shortcomings violate fundamental principles of criminal procedure, including the rights to adversarial proceedings, full defense, and the presumption of innocence. In light of this scenario, it is urgent to adopt structural and educational measures, such as specialized training for public agents, the implementation of scientifically validated identification protocols, and the strengthening of a legal culture that critically assesses testimonial evidence. Promoting a more technical, evidence-based, and rights-focused criminal justice system is essential to prevent judicial errors, safeguard the fundamental rights of defendants, and ensure the credibility of court decisions.
False memories are a psychological phenomenon involving the inaccurate, distorted, or even fabricated recollection of past events. Within the context of Brazilian criminal procedure, this phenomenon has sparked intense debate, especially regarding the reliability of eyewitness testimony and suspect identification procedures. These forms of evidence, although widely used in shaping judicial decisions, are not always subjected to scientific validation criteria. Research in neuroscience and cognitive psychology shows that human memory is fallible, shaped by multiple factors such as time, suggestion, emotional pressure, the environment in which the evidence is collected, and social interactions between victims and witnesses. In Brazil, suspect identifications are often conducted in informal settings—frequently at police stations—without adherence to technical guidelines that could reduce the risk of error. The absence of standardized protocols, combined with victims’ emotional stress, significantly increases the likelihood of wrongful convictions based on weak evidence. Such procedural shortcomings violate fundamental principles of criminal procedure, including the rights to adversarial proceedings, full defense, and the presumption of innocence. In light of this scenario, it is urgent to adopt structural and educational measures, such as specialized training for public agents, the implementation of scientifically validated identification protocols, and the strengthening of a legal culture that critically assesses testimonial evidence. Promoting a more technical, evidence-based, and rights-focused criminal justice system is essential to prevent judicial errors, safeguard the fundamental rights of defendants, and ensure the credibility of court decisions.
Description
Keywords
Falsas memórias Processo penal Prova testemunhal Reconhecimento Memories Criminal proceedings Testimonial evidence Recognition