Publication
Anticancer activity of lichen substances: a systematic review
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Abstract(s)
Os líquenes são fonte de uma grande variedade de metabolitos secundários, frequentemente exclusivos desta associação, com actividades biológicas importantes como a antibiótica, anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e anticancerígena, entre outras. A evidência científica demonstra que os efeitos anticancerígenos dos líquenes se produzem através da inibição da iniciação, crescimento e invasão de vários tipos de células cancerígenas in vitro e in vivo. Foi efectuada uma revisão sistemática da actividade anticancerígena e dos mecanismos de acção de extractos e respectivas substâncias isoladas de líquenes. Os termos “lichen”, “tumo(u)r” e “cancer” foram utilizados para pesquisar artigos científicos no PubMed e Web of Science publicados até dezembro de 2018. De um total de 368 artigos pesquisados, 142 cumpriram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos. O ácido úsnico foi a substância liquénica isolada mais vezes e citada em 40 artigos. A espécie de líquene mais utilizada, citada em 9 artigos, foi Evernia prunastri (L.) Nyl. Os extractos e substâncias liquénicas têm a capacidade de interferir com todas as propriedades biológicas das células cancerígenas que conduzem ao desenvolvimento de tumores, da seguinte forma: indução da inibição do ciclo celular, inibição das vias de sinalização do crescimento celular, activação da imunidade antitumoral, bloqueio da imortalidade replicativa por inibição da actividade da telomerase, inibição da inflamação, inibição da invasão e metástase, bloqueio da angiogénese, supressão da instabilidade do genoma, induzindo morte celular por apoptose, autofagia e necrose, e modulação do metabolismo energético. Muitas substâncias liquénicas revelaram-se eficazes contra muitos tipos de linhas celulares cancerígenas, quer isoladas quer em combinação com outros agentes anticancerígenos, e constituem por isso bons candidatos ao desenvolvimento de fármacos anticancerígenos.
Lichens are a source of a great variety of unique secondary metabolites with important biological activities, including antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer, among others. A large body of research has demonstrated anticancer effects of lichens by inhibition of initiation, growth and invasion of several cancer cell types in vitro and in vivo. We performed a systematic review of the anticancer activity and mechanisms of action of lichen extracts and substances isolated from lichens. The search terms “lichen”, “tumo(u)r” and “cancer” were used to retrieve articles in PubMed and Web of Science published until December 2018. From a total of 368 articles surveyed, 142 met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most commonly isolated lichen substance was usnic acid, cited in 40 research articles. The species more frequently used was Evernia prunastri (L.) Nyl., cited in 9 research articles. Lichen extracts and isolated lichen substances are able to interfere with all currently recognized biological capabilities necessary for tumour growth and progression. They do so by inducing cell cycle arrest, inhibiting growth factor signalling, activating anti-tumour immunity, disabling replicative immortality by inhibiting telomerase activity, inhibiting tumour-promoting inflammation, inhibiting invasion and metastasis, blocking angiogenesis, supressing genome instability, inducing apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic cell death, and modulating energy metabolism. Many lichen substances have proved effective against many types of cancer cell lines, either isolated or in combination with other anticancer agents, and are therefore suitable candidates for anticancer drug development.
Lichens are a source of a great variety of unique secondary metabolites with important biological activities, including antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer, among others. A large body of research has demonstrated anticancer effects of lichens by inhibition of initiation, growth and invasion of several cancer cell types in vitro and in vivo. We performed a systematic review of the anticancer activity and mechanisms of action of lichen extracts and substances isolated from lichens. The search terms “lichen”, “tumo(u)r” and “cancer” were used to retrieve articles in PubMed and Web of Science published until December 2018. From a total of 368 articles surveyed, 142 met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most commonly isolated lichen substance was usnic acid, cited in 40 research articles. The species more frequently used was Evernia prunastri (L.) Nyl., cited in 9 research articles. Lichen extracts and isolated lichen substances are able to interfere with all currently recognized biological capabilities necessary for tumour growth and progression. They do so by inducing cell cycle arrest, inhibiting growth factor signalling, activating anti-tumour immunity, disabling replicative immortality by inhibiting telomerase activity, inhibiting tumour-promoting inflammation, inhibiting invasion and metastasis, blocking angiogenesis, supressing genome instability, inducing apoptotic, autophagic and necrotic cell death, and modulating energy metabolism. Many lichen substances have proved effective against many types of cancer cell lines, either isolated or in combination with other anticancer agents, and are therefore suitable candidates for anticancer drug development.
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Keywords
Tumor Farmacognosia Fitoterapia Angiogénese Apoptose Autofagia Migração celular Invasão celular Viabilidade celular Proliferação celular Citotoxicidade Senescência celular Stress oxidativo Tumour Pharmacognosy Phytotherapy Angiogenesis Apoptosis Autophagy Cell migration Cell invasion Cell viability Cell proliferation Citotoxicity Cellular senescence Oxidative stress