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Diagnóstico laboratorial da infecção e determinação do estado imune para o SARS-CoV-2
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPG_33672 | 3.85 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
A pandemia originada pelo Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) levou a alterações profundas no statu quo da população mundial, que se sentiu coagida a adaptar-se às medidas de segurança impostas, como forma de travar a sua expansão. Efectivamente, o contexto pandémico gerou um esforço redobrado na investigação científica e no desenvolvimento de novas terapêuticas anti-virais, vacinas profilácticas, e em particular aqueles que foram o objecto de estudo desta dissertação, isto é, os testes de
diagnóstico da infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e os testes de imunidade.
Com efeito, a revisão bibliográfica aqui apresentada, incide num tema bastante actual e de importância global, pelo que muitos testes de diagnóstico para a infecção por SARSCoV-2 e de determinação do estado imune, continuam a ser desenvolvidos e aprimorados, à medida que tem vindo a evoluir o conhecimento sobre este vírus e as manifestações da doença causada por este, que é a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Nesta dissertação, discutiu-se o estado da arte relativamente aos diferentes tipos de testes de diagnóstico de infecção por SARS-CoV-2 (moleculares e de antigénio) e de imunidade (que têm por base a resposta humoral ou celular). Nesta análise, teve-se em conta o princípio do método dos testes, a forma como têm sido usados na pandemia e como se complementam entre si, considerando o contexto em que cada um deve ser utilizado e as limitações inerentes aos mesmos.
Concluiu-se que actualmente os testes moleculares são aqueles que apresentam maior sensibilidade e especificidade no diagnóstico da infecção aguda por SARS-CoV-2. Contudo, os testes rápidos de antigénio, ainda que menos sensíveis e específicos, são mais adequados enquanto testes Point-Of-Care (POC) e possibilitam uma resposta mais rápida no combate à pandemia. Realça-se ainda a importância dos testes de imunidade, fundamentais para aferir o estado imune de cada indivíduo relativamente à infecção por SARS-CoV-2 e para monitorizar a eficácia das vacinas na prevenção da COVID-19.
Porém, é de relevar que o conhecimento científico sobre este tema está em constante actualização, com bastantes avanços e recuos, sendo que no momento de início da dissertação existiam muitas mais questões do que respostas.
The pandemic caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) led to profound alterations in the status quo of the world population that felt compelled to adapt to the imposed safety measures as a form of halting its expansion. The pandemic context generated a reinforced effort in scientific research and development of new antiviral therapies, prophylactic vaccines, and, in particular, those that were the object of study of this dissertation, that is, the diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity tests. Indeed, the bibliographic review here presented focuses on a very current and of global importance theme, fact by which many diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection and tests that determine the immune status continue to be developed and improved, as knowledge about this virus and the manifestations of the related disease, which is Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19), has been evolving. This dissertation has discussed the state-of-the-art regarding different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection (molecular and antigen) and immunity (based on the humoral or cellular response). The analysis of each test acknowledged the context of usage, their inherent limitations, the method’s principle, the application during the pandemic, and how they complement each other. In conclusion, currently, molecular tests present greater sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing acute SARS CoV-2 infection. However, although less sensitive and specific, rapid antigen tests are more suitable as Point-Of-Care (POC) tests and enable faster response in combating the pandemic. The importance of immunity tests is also highlighted as fundamental to assess the immune status of each individual concerning SARS-CoV-2 infection and to monitor the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing COVID-19. However, the scientific knowledge on the topic is constantly being updated, with many advances and setbacks. At the time the dissertation began, there were many more questions than answers.
The pandemic caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) led to profound alterations in the status quo of the world population that felt compelled to adapt to the imposed safety measures as a form of halting its expansion. The pandemic context generated a reinforced effort in scientific research and development of new antiviral therapies, prophylactic vaccines, and, in particular, those that were the object of study of this dissertation, that is, the diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity tests. Indeed, the bibliographic review here presented focuses on a very current and of global importance theme, fact by which many diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection and tests that determine the immune status continue to be developed and improved, as knowledge about this virus and the manifestations of the related disease, which is Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19), has been evolving. This dissertation has discussed the state-of-the-art regarding different types of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection (molecular and antigen) and immunity (based on the humoral or cellular response). The analysis of each test acknowledged the context of usage, their inherent limitations, the method’s principle, the application during the pandemic, and how they complement each other. In conclusion, currently, molecular tests present greater sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing acute SARS CoV-2 infection. However, although less sensitive and specific, rapid antigen tests are more suitable as Point-Of-Care (POC) tests and enable faster response in combating the pandemic. The importance of immunity tests is also highlighted as fundamental to assess the immune status of each individual concerning SARS-CoV-2 infection and to monitor the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing COVID-19. However, the scientific knowledge on the topic is constantly being updated, with many advances and setbacks. At the time the dissertation began, there were many more questions than answers.
Description
Keywords
Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Testes de diagnóstico RT-PCR em tempo real RT-LAMP Testes serológicos Testes de antigénio Diagnostic tests Real-time RT-PCR Serological tests Antigen tests