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Efeitos de concentrações ambientalmente relevantes de omeprazol em Sparus aurata: abordagem baseada em biomarcadores
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Abstract(s)
Omeprazol é um fármaco inibidor da bomba de protões (ATPase H+, K+) amplamente utilizado na terapêutica humana. É utilizado para tratar os sintomas da doença de refluxo gastroesofágico e outras patologias causadas pelo excesso de ácido gástrico. O omeprazol e os seus principais metabólitos, tais como o omeprazol sulfito, são excretados principalmente pela urina humana e chegam às estações de tratamento de águas residuais onde não são tratados convenientemente, sendo posteriormente lançados no compartimento aquático. Os efeitos ecotoxicológicos de uma exposição crónica (28 dias) a concentrações realistas de omeprazol sulfito (0,03, 0,3 e 3,0 μg/L) foram avaliados em Sparus aurata. As atividades das enzimas etoxiresorufina-O-deetilase (EROD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa S-transferases (GSTs) foram avaliadas. Os danos tecidulares em alguns órgãos chave, em particular nas brânquias e no fígado dos peixes, foram também devidamente analisados. Embora nenhuma alteração significativa tenha sido detetada na atividade da EROD, foi registada uma diminuição na atividade da CAT no fígado para duas concentrações mais altas. A atividade das GSTs também mostrou uma diminuição para ambos os órgãos (fígado e brânquias) para alguns grupos de exposição, nomeadamente na concentração mais elevada a nível hepático, e nas duas concentrações mais baixas no tecido branquial. Além disso, a avaliação histopatológica revelou uma clara relação dose-efeito em ambos os órgãos, resultando principalmente de lesões circulatórias, regressivas e progressivas para os indivíduos expostos nas duas maiores concentrações comparativamente ao tratamento controlo. Os presentes dados sugerem que a exposição crónica ao omeprazol sulfito pode exercer efeitos tóxicos sub-letais em dois órgãos-chave do peixe. Mais pesquisas são no entanto necessárias para entender completamente os efeitos do omeprazol em termos de alteração dos mecanismos de defesa antioxidante.
Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug (ATPase H +, K +) widely used in human therapy. It is used to treat the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and other conditions caused by excess gastric acid. Omeprazole and its major metabolites, such as omeprazole sulphite, are excreted primarily by human urine and arrive to the wastewater treatment plants where they are not properly treated, being released into the aquatic compartment. The ecotoxicological effects of chronic exposures (28 days) at realistic concentrations of omeprazole sulphite (0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 μg / L) were evaluated in Sparus aurata. Ethoxysorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities were assessed. Tissue disorders, particularly in fish gills and liver were also properly evaluated. Although no significant change was detected in EROD activity, there was a decrease in CAT activity in the liver at the two higher concentrations. The activity of GSTs also showed a decrease for both organs (liver and gills) for some groups of exposure, namely in the highest concentration in the liver, and for the two lowest concentrations in the gill tissue. In addition, histopathological evaluation revealed a clear dose-effect relationship in both organs, resulting mainly from circulatory, regressive and progressive lesions for the individuals exposed in the two highest concentrations compared to the control treatment. The present data suggest that the chronic exposure to omeprazole sulphite may exert sub-lethal toxic effects on two key organs of the fish. Further research, however, is needed to fully understand the effects of omeprazole in terms of altering antioxidant defence mechanisms
Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug (ATPase H +, K +) widely used in human therapy. It is used to treat the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and other conditions caused by excess gastric acid. Omeprazole and its major metabolites, such as omeprazole sulphite, are excreted primarily by human urine and arrive to the wastewater treatment plants where they are not properly treated, being released into the aquatic compartment. The ecotoxicological effects of chronic exposures (28 days) at realistic concentrations of omeprazole sulphite (0.03, 0.3 and 3.0 μg / L) were evaluated in Sparus aurata. Ethoxysorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activities were assessed. Tissue disorders, particularly in fish gills and liver were also properly evaluated. Although no significant change was detected in EROD activity, there was a decrease in CAT activity in the liver at the two higher concentrations. The activity of GSTs also showed a decrease for both organs (liver and gills) for some groups of exposure, namely in the highest concentration in the liver, and for the two lowest concentrations in the gill tissue. In addition, histopathological evaluation revealed a clear dose-effect relationship in both organs, resulting mainly from circulatory, regressive and progressive lesions for the individuals exposed in the two highest concentrations compared to the control treatment. The present data suggest that the chronic exposure to omeprazole sulphite may exert sub-lethal toxic effects on two key organs of the fish. Further research, however, is needed to fully understand the effects of omeprazole in terms of altering antioxidant defence mechanisms
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Keywords
Fármaco Exposição crónica Peixe Catalase EROD GSTs Biomarcadores histopatológicos Drug Chronic exposure Fish Catalase EROD GSTs Histopathological biomarkers