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Utilização do ADN obtido de tecidos dentários na identificação humana forense: uma revisão integrativa
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Projeto de pós-graduação_39508 | 1.04 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
Os dentes humanos são estruturas biológicas que resistem a condições extremas, tornando-se assim uma fonte de ADN útil para fins de identificação humana forense. A identificação humana através do ADN obtido de tecidos dentários assume particular relevância nas situações forenses envolvendo corpos carbonizados, putrefactos, esqueletizados ou quando os métodos de identificação dentária convencionais não podem ser realizados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicabilidade da análise genética do dente no processo de identificação humana na medicina dentária forense. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica na base de dados da PubMed de artigos publicados nos últimos 5 anos (2019-2023), com as palavras-chave DNA, tooth, human e identification. Na primeira parte do trabalho são apresentadas as várias etapas para a obtenção de um perfil genético a partir de tecidos dentários, nomeadamente a extração de ADN, sua quantificação e amplificação, seguida da análise de regiões específicas do genoma. Na segunda parte são apresentados e discutidos os casos de estudo incluídos nesta revisão integrativa, que tiveram por objetivo a identificação de restos mortais recuperados do meio ambiente ou de valas clandestinas, ou a confirmação da identidade por comparação com o perfil genético de tecidos dentários. Os estudos mostraram que o tecido pulpar destaca-se como a fonte de ADN dentário mais utilizada em contexto forense. No entanto, embora a quantidade de ADN obtida do cálculo e do cemento dentário seja inferior à da polpa, a sua resistência à degradação ambiental torna-os fontes viáveis para análise forense, especialmente em ambientes onde o ADN da polpa possa estar degradado. Verificou-se ainda que a qualidade e quantidade de ADN obtido de dentes é severamente afetada pelas condições ambientais extremas, por exemplo, temperaturas acima dos 200ºC. A maioria dos estudos analisou marcadores STR autossómicos, Y-STRs e ocasionalmente ADNmt, refletindo uma abordagem abrangente para identificação genética. Em conclusão, os estudos recentes analisados mostraram que é possível a obtenção de perfis genéticos completos ou parciais para os marcadores utilizados a partir da análise de ADN isolado do dente. Na maioria desses estudos foi possível estabelecer a identidade ou recolher dados sobre origem étnica das vítimas, confirmando assim que a análise genética de tecidos dentários é uma ferramenta poderosa na identificação humana em situações extremas.
Human teeth are biological structures that can withstand extreme conditions, making them a useful source of DNA for forensic human identification. Human identification using DNA obtained from dental tissue is particularly important in forensic situations involving charred, putrefied or skeletonized bodies or when conventional dental identification methods cannot be used. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of genetic analysis of teeth in the process of human identification in forensic dentistry. To this end, a bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed database of articles published in the last 5 years (2019-2023), using the keywords DNA, tooth, human and identification. The first part of this work presents the various steps involved in obtaining a genetic profile from dental tissues, namely DNA extraction, quantification and amplification, followed by the analysis of specific regions of the genome. The second part presents and discusses the case studies included in this integrative review, which aimed to identify remains recovered from the environment or from clandestine graves, or to confirm identity by comparing them with the genetic profile of dental tissues. The studies showed that pulp tissue stands out as the most widely used source of dental DNA in forensic contexts. However, although the amount of DNA obtained from calculus and dental cementum is lower than that of pulp, their resistance to environmental degradation makes them viable sources for forensic analysis, especially in environments where pulp DNA may be degraded. It has also been found that the quality and quantity of DNA obtained from teeth is severely affected by extreme environmental conditions, for example temperatures above 200ºC. Most of the studies analyzed autosomal STR markers, Y-STRs and occasionally mtDNA, reflecting a comprehensive approach to genetic identification. In conclusion, the recent studies analyzed have shown that it is possible to obtain complete or partial genetic profiles for the markers used from the analysis of DNA isolated from the tooth. In most of these studies it was possible to determine the identity or collect data on the ethnic origin of the victims, thus confirming that genetic analysis of dental tissue is a powerful tool in human identification in extreme situations.
Human teeth are biological structures that can withstand extreme conditions, making them a useful source of DNA for forensic human identification. Human identification using DNA obtained from dental tissue is particularly important in forensic situations involving charred, putrefied or skeletonized bodies or when conventional dental identification methods cannot be used. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of genetic analysis of teeth in the process of human identification in forensic dentistry. To this end, a bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed database of articles published in the last 5 years (2019-2023), using the keywords DNA, tooth, human and identification. The first part of this work presents the various steps involved in obtaining a genetic profile from dental tissues, namely DNA extraction, quantification and amplification, followed by the analysis of specific regions of the genome. The second part presents and discusses the case studies included in this integrative review, which aimed to identify remains recovered from the environment or from clandestine graves, or to confirm identity by comparing them with the genetic profile of dental tissues. The studies showed that pulp tissue stands out as the most widely used source of dental DNA in forensic contexts. However, although the amount of DNA obtained from calculus and dental cementum is lower than that of pulp, their resistance to environmental degradation makes them viable sources for forensic analysis, especially in environments where pulp DNA may be degraded. It has also been found that the quality and quantity of DNA obtained from teeth is severely affected by extreme environmental conditions, for example temperatures above 200ºC. Most of the studies analyzed autosomal STR markers, Y-STRs and occasionally mtDNA, reflecting a comprehensive approach to genetic identification. In conclusion, the recent studies analyzed have shown that it is possible to obtain complete or partial genetic profiles for the markers used from the analysis of DNA isolated from the tooth. In most of these studies it was possible to determine the identity or collect data on the ethnic origin of the victims, thus confirming that genetic analysis of dental tissue is a powerful tool in human identification in extreme situations.
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Keywords
ADN Dente Medicina dentária forense DNA fingerprinting Identificação humana DNA Tooth Forensic dentistry Human identification