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Publicação
Nanopartículas para aplicação oncológica
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Durante as últimas décadas, uma infinidade de nanopartículas foi desenvolvida e avaliada devido à potencial aplicação como agentes diagnósticos e terapêuticos. As nanopartículas terapêuticas visam entregar de forma mais eficiente um agente terapêutico ao local patológico, evitando a sua acumulação em órgãos e tecidos saudáveis. Atualmente as terapias para o tratamento de cancro são, de um modo geral, as mesmas que se utilizam desde há 40 anos e consistem basicamente em disseção cirúrgica, radioterapia e/ou quimioterapia. Estas terapias têm uma eficácia limitada, altos níveis de citotoxicidade e vários efeitos secundários indesejados. Adicionalmente, a natureza da doença é tal que, a menos que se destruam todas as células do cancro, as hipóteses de reincidência são elevadas e normalmente estão associadas a tumores mais agressivos e resistentes à terapia. A nanotecnologia proporciona uma nova forma de abordar esta doença, tanto a nível do diagnóstico, como da terapia e prevenção. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão de literatura de modo a analisar as vantagens e os principais obstáculos da nanotecnologia no tratamento oncológico, bem como avaliar os progressos obtidos na prática clínica com esta tecnologia. Para tal, a metodologia utilizada consistiu na pesquisa de artigos num banco de dados online, a PubMed. Para reduzir o número de artigos obtidos e tornar os resultados mais específicos, foram definidas palavras-chave e critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Como critérios de inclusão consideraram-se: o idioma (português e inglês), a data da publicação (últimos 15 anos) e a tipologia dos trabalhos publicados (revisões sistemáticas e narrativas). Excluíram-se todos os artigos que não atendiam ao objetivo do trabalho ou não respondiam aos critérios de inclusão definidos. Verificou-se que a nanotecnologia tem diversas aplicações ao nível de todas as fases do processo do cancro, e que, apesar dos bons avanços científicos alcançados ao longo dos últimos anos, ainda há muita informação a descobrir e muitos desenvolvimentos a estudar. No entanto, não existe qualquer dúvida que as mais recentes tecnologias (como o recurso a nanopartículas ou à inteligência artificial) assumirão um papel extremamente decisivo no futuro, no que toca à prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento, não só do cancro como potencialmente de outras doenças.
Over the past decades, a wide range of nanoparticles has been developed and evaluated for their potential application as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Therapeutic nanoparticles aim to efficiently deliver a therapeutic drug to the pathological site while minimizing accumulation in healthy organs and tissues. Currently, cancer treatments remain largely the same as those used for the past 40 years, primarily consisting of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. These therapies have limited efficacy, high levels of cytotoxicity, and various undesirable side effects. Additionally, due to the nature of the disease, unless all cancer cells are eradicated, the likelihood of recurrence remains high, often leading to more aggressive and therapy-resistant tumors. Nanotechnology offers a novel approach to tackling this disease, encompassing diagnosis, therapy, and prevention. Thus, the aim of this study is to conduct a literature review to analyze the advantages and main challenges of nanotechnology in cancer treatment, as well as to assess the progress achieved in clinical practice with this technology. To achieve this, the methodology involved searching for articles in the online database PubMed. To refine the search results and ensure specificity, keywords and inclusion/exclusion criteria were defined. The inclusion criteria considered were: language (Portuguese and English), publication date (last 15 years), and the type of published studies (systematic and narrative reviews). Articles that did not meet the study’s objectives or failed to comply with the inclusion criteria were excluded. The findings indicate that nanotechnology has applications across all stages of the cancer process. Despite significant scientific advancements in recent years, there is still much to uncover and many developments to explore. However, there is no doubt that emerging technologies—such as the use of nanoparticles and artificial intelligence—will play a crucial role in the future, not only in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer but potentially in the management of other diseases as well.
Over the past decades, a wide range of nanoparticles has been developed and evaluated for their potential application as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Therapeutic nanoparticles aim to efficiently deliver a therapeutic drug to the pathological site while minimizing accumulation in healthy organs and tissues. Currently, cancer treatments remain largely the same as those used for the past 40 years, primarily consisting of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. These therapies have limited efficacy, high levels of cytotoxicity, and various undesirable side effects. Additionally, due to the nature of the disease, unless all cancer cells are eradicated, the likelihood of recurrence remains high, often leading to more aggressive and therapy-resistant tumors. Nanotechnology offers a novel approach to tackling this disease, encompassing diagnosis, therapy, and prevention. Thus, the aim of this study is to conduct a literature review to analyze the advantages and main challenges of nanotechnology in cancer treatment, as well as to assess the progress achieved in clinical practice with this technology. To achieve this, the methodology involved searching for articles in the online database PubMed. To refine the search results and ensure specificity, keywords and inclusion/exclusion criteria were defined. The inclusion criteria considered were: language (Portuguese and English), publication date (last 15 years), and the type of published studies (systematic and narrative reviews). Articles that did not meet the study’s objectives or failed to comply with the inclusion criteria were excluded. The findings indicate that nanotechnology has applications across all stages of the cancer process. Despite significant scientific advancements in recent years, there is still much to uncover and many developments to explore. However, there is no doubt that emerging technologies—such as the use of nanoparticles and artificial intelligence—will play a crucial role in the future, not only in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer but potentially in the management of other diseases as well.
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Palavras-chave
Cancro Nanopartículas Terapia oncológica Inteligência artificial Cancer Nanoparticles Cancer therapy Artificial intelligence