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O crime de genocídio: um crime imprescritível
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| 34973 | 12.31 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
Entende-se por genocídio o crime que tem como objetivo a eliminação da existência física de grupos nacionais, étnicos, raciais ou religiosos. É em 1944 que o termo “genocídio” é criado por Raphael Lemkin, um advogado judeu polonês, ao tentar encontrar uma palavra para descrever as políticas nazistas de assassinato sistemático.
A 9 de dezembro de 1948, a Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas aprova a Convenção para a Prevenção e Punição de Crimes de Genocídio. Esta convenção internacional definiu e criminalizou o genocídio como um crime de carácter internacional, e as nações signatárias da mesma comprometeram-se a “efetivar ações para evitá-lo e puni-lo”. Embora em muitas circunstâncias anteriores a 1948 e após, podemos constatar violência contra determinados grupos étnicos ou determinadas religiões, o desenvolvimento internacional e jurídico do termo concentra-se em dois períodos históricos distintos: o primeiro, a partir da criação do termo até a sua aceitação como norma internacional (1944-1948); e o segundo, desde que ele foi efetivo através do estabelecimento de tribunais para o julgamento de crimes internacionais de genocídio, nos anos 1990.
Para este trabalho foi utilizada uma metodologia essencialmente qualitativa, que visa uma recolha de informação e compreensão por parte de entidades envolvidas em questões de direitos humanos sobre o genocídio. A metodologia visa igualmente explorar as experiências individuais, tendo em conta a liberdade, vontade e opinião de pessoas integradas no estudo. Para definir o instrumento de pesquisa de campo, procederemos a uma recolha preliminar de informações junto do Professor Robert Nalbandov, com o intuito de definir questões no contexto do fenómeno de genocídio, partindo do exemplo do contexto do genocídio arménio, e do enquadramento pelo direito internacional dos direitos humanos da questão do genocídio.
Genocide is defined as a crime aimed at eliminating the physical existence of national, ethnic, racial or religious groups. It is in 1944 that the term “genocide” is coined by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jewish lawyer, when trying to find a word to describe Nazi policies of systematic killing. On 9 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crimes of Genocide. This international convention defined and criminalized genocide as a crime of international character, and the signatory nations to it committed themselves to “effect actions to prevent and punish it”. Although in many circumstances before 1948 and after, we can see violence against certain ethnic groups or certain religions, the international and legal development of the term focuses on two distinct historical periods: the first, from the creation of the term until its acceptance as international law (1944-1948), and the second, since it has been effective through the establishment of tribunals for the trial of international crimes of genocide, in the 1990s. For this work, an essentially qualitative methodology was used, which aims at collecting the understanding of those involved in human rights issues about genocide. The methodology also aims to explore individual experiences, taking into account the freedom, will, and opinion of people in the study. In order to define the field research instrument, we will conduct a preliminary collection of information from Professor Robert Nalbandov, in order to define issues in the context of the phenomenon of genocide, using the example of the context of the Armenian genocide, and the framework of international human rights law on the issue of genocide.
Genocide is defined as a crime aimed at eliminating the physical existence of national, ethnic, racial or religious groups. It is in 1944 that the term “genocide” is coined by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jewish lawyer, when trying to find a word to describe Nazi policies of systematic killing. On 9 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crimes of Genocide. This international convention defined and criminalized genocide as a crime of international character, and the signatory nations to it committed themselves to “effect actions to prevent and punish it”. Although in many circumstances before 1948 and after, we can see violence against certain ethnic groups or certain religions, the international and legal development of the term focuses on two distinct historical periods: the first, from the creation of the term until its acceptance as international law (1944-1948), and the second, since it has been effective through the establishment of tribunals for the trial of international crimes of genocide, in the 1990s. For this work, an essentially qualitative methodology was used, which aims at collecting the understanding of those involved in human rights issues about genocide. The methodology also aims to explore individual experiences, taking into account the freedom, will, and opinion of people in the study. In order to define the field research instrument, we will conduct a preliminary collection of information from Professor Robert Nalbandov, in order to define issues in the context of the phenomenon of genocide, using the example of the context of the Armenian genocide, and the framework of international human rights law on the issue of genocide.
Description
Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Criminologia
Keywords
Genocídio Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos Direito internacional Arménia Turquia Genocide Universal Declaration of Human Rights International law Armenia Turkey