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Assédio sexual na relação de trabalho: uma reflexão a partir do julgamento de casos pelo poder judiciário brasileiro
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Os assédios moral e sexual representam as principais ocorrências de violência no âmbito de trabalho, sendo as mulheres as vítimas na maior parte dos casos, isto permite entender o assédio como uma das questões que permeiam a visão androcêntrica presente na divisão sexual do trabalho, materializada nas diferenças salariais, na precarização do trabalho feminino e na hierarquização, traduzida em violências no mundo de trabalho. A legislação brasileira veio criminalizar o assédio sexual apenas mediante a Lei n. 10.224, de 15 de maio de 2001, o que permitiu o crescimento da ocorrência do crime durante as últimas décadas do século XX, gerando dificuldades para a eliminação dessa ocorrência, situação que incentivou a criação de medidas e estratégias preventivas perante o assédio sexual. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é obter dados qualitativos a respeito do assédio sexual na relação de trabalho, tentando verificar como o poder judiciário brasileiro vem julgando os casos, no sentido de pesquisar se realmente tem havido condenações com o objetivo de desestimular a prática, com a punição primeiramente perante a Justiça do Trabalho, a partir da cominação do dano moral, portanto, uma pena pecuniária e, posteriormente, na Justiça Criminal, com uma pena restritiva de liberdade. A escolha desta temática como foco para o presente trabalho de pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de punir e prevenir os problemas desta natureza, devido a suas consequências tanto para a vítima quanto para o próprio local de trabalho. Foram analisadas 30 sentenças (15 criminais e 15 trabalhistas) com vistas a comparar as punições nestas duas instâncias e verificar se são eficazes para desmotivar a prática do crime. Verificou-se que a maioria dos assédios sexuais é verbal e não chega a se concretizar na forma física. Percebeu-se também que a maioria dos casos de assédio (60%) ocorreu durante o contrato de experiência, sinalizando para coação de aceite ao favorecimento sexual para que a vítima pudesse obter o emprego definitivamente. Quanto às características do assediador, constatou-se que 100% era do sexo masculino, ocupando cargos de prepostos da empresa (superior hierárquico), proprietários e fornecedores. Referente ao perfil da vítima, as sentenças analisadas demonstraram que todas eram mulheres e chamou a atenção o fato de 60% ser menores de idade. A maioria das sentenças que correram na justiça trabalhista (53,3%) ocorreu na região sudeste e nordeste, seguidas pela região sul, norte e centro-oeste. Referente às punições, na justiça criminal, a maioria (60%) foi condenada à pena de prisão e os demais pagaram multas e prestaram serviços comunitários. No entanto, nenhuma pena de prisão excedeu a 1 ano e seis meses, o que significa que em termos práticos, ninguém cumpriu pena em regime fechado. Já as punições observadas nas sentenças trabalhistas, limitam-se a indenizações por dano moral, cujo valor variou de 1 a 50 mil reais, no entanto, a maioria (66,6%) das sentenças teve indenização de no máximo 20 mil reais, valor bastante baixo e, portanto, incapazes de desmotivar a prática do crime. Ao final do estudo concluiu-se pela necessidade de elevar as penas na justiça trabalhista e criminal com vistas a desincentivar a prática do assédio sexual, fazendo do ambiente de trabalho um local digno e de respeito aos direitos da personalidade.
Moral and sexual harassment represent the main occurrences of violence in the workplace, with women being the victims in most cases, this allows us to understand harassment as one of the issues that permeate the androcentric vision present in the sexual division of labor, materialized in the differences in wages, the precariousness of women's work and hierarchization, translated into violence in the world of work. Brazilian legislation criminalized sexual harassment only through Law n. 10,244, dated May 15, 2001, which allowed the growth of the occurrence of the crime during the last decades of the twentieth century, generating difficulties to eliminate this occurrence, a situation that encouraged the creation of preventive measures and strategies in the face of sexual harassment. In this context, the general objective of this research is to obtain qualitative data regarding sexual harassment in the work relationship, trying to verify how the Brazilian judiciary has been judging the cases, in order to investigate whether there have been convictions with the objective of discouraging the practice, with the punishment first before the Labor Court, starting from the payment of moral damages, therefore, a pecuniary penalty and, later, in the Criminal Justice, with a sentence of restrictive freedom. The choice of this theme as a focus for the present research work is justified by the need to punish and prevent problems of this nature, due to its consequences for the victim and the workplace. This is a qualitative-quantitative research, in which 30 sentences (15 criminal and 15 labor) were analyzed in order to compare the punishments in these two instances and to verify if they are effective to discourage the practice of crime. It has been seen that most sexual harassment is verbal and does not come to fruition in physical form. It was also noticed that most of the cases of harassment (60%) occurred during the experience contract, signaling to accept coercion of sexual favoring so that the victim could get the job definitively. Regarding the characteristics of the harasser, the research found that 100% were male, occupying positions of representatives of the company (superior hierarchical), owners and suppliers. Regarding the profile of the victim, the sentences analyzed showed that all were women and it was noticed that 60% were minors. Most of the sentences that ran in labor courts (53.3%) occurred in the Southeast and Northeast, followed by the South, North and Midwest. Regarding punishments, in the criminal justice system, the majority (60%) were sentenced to prison and the others paid fines and provided community services. However, no prison sentence exceeded 1 year and 6 months, which means that in practical terms, no one served time in a closed regime. The punishments observed in labor judgments are limited to damages for moral damages, whose value ranged from 1 to 50 thousand reais, however, the majority (66.6%) of the sentences had compensation of a maximum of 20 thousand reais, value quite low and thus unable to discourage the practice of crime. At the end of the study, it was concluded that there is a need to increase the penalties in labor and criminal justice in order to discourage sexual harassment, making the workplace a dignified place and respect for the rights of the personality.
Moral and sexual harassment represent the main occurrences of violence in the workplace, with women being the victims in most cases, this allows us to understand harassment as one of the issues that permeate the androcentric vision present in the sexual division of labor, materialized in the differences in wages, the precariousness of women's work and hierarchization, translated into violence in the world of work. Brazilian legislation criminalized sexual harassment only through Law n. 10,244, dated May 15, 2001, which allowed the growth of the occurrence of the crime during the last decades of the twentieth century, generating difficulties to eliminate this occurrence, a situation that encouraged the creation of preventive measures and strategies in the face of sexual harassment. In this context, the general objective of this research is to obtain qualitative data regarding sexual harassment in the work relationship, trying to verify how the Brazilian judiciary has been judging the cases, in order to investigate whether there have been convictions with the objective of discouraging the practice, with the punishment first before the Labor Court, starting from the payment of moral damages, therefore, a pecuniary penalty and, later, in the Criminal Justice, with a sentence of restrictive freedom. The choice of this theme as a focus for the present research work is justified by the need to punish and prevent problems of this nature, due to its consequences for the victim and the workplace. This is a qualitative-quantitative research, in which 30 sentences (15 criminal and 15 labor) were analyzed in order to compare the punishments in these two instances and to verify if they are effective to discourage the practice of crime. It has been seen that most sexual harassment is verbal and does not come to fruition in physical form. It was also noticed that most of the cases of harassment (60%) occurred during the experience contract, signaling to accept coercion of sexual favoring so that the victim could get the job definitively. Regarding the characteristics of the harasser, the research found that 100% were male, occupying positions of representatives of the company (superior hierarchical), owners and suppliers. Regarding the profile of the victim, the sentences analyzed showed that all were women and it was noticed that 60% were minors. Most of the sentences that ran in labor courts (53.3%) occurred in the Southeast and Northeast, followed by the South, North and Midwest. Regarding punishments, in the criminal justice system, the majority (60%) were sentenced to prison and the others paid fines and provided community services. However, no prison sentence exceeded 1 year and 6 months, which means that in practical terms, no one served time in a closed regime. The punishments observed in labor judgments are limited to damages for moral damages, whose value ranged from 1 to 50 thousand reais, however, the majority (66.6%) of the sentences had compensation of a maximum of 20 thousand reais, value quite low and thus unable to discourage the practice of crime. At the end of the study, it was concluded that there is a need to increase the penalties in labor and criminal justice in order to discourage sexual harassment, making the workplace a dignified place and respect for the rights of the personality.
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Keywords
Assédio sexual Relação de trabalho Poder judiciário Justiça do trabalho Justiça criminal Sexual harassment Work relationship Judicial power Work justice Criminal justice