Loading...
Publication
Anticorpos monoclonais
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.53 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Os anticorpos monoclonais são produtos biofarmacêuticos à base de imunoglobulinas
modificadas, que exercem um efeito específico e controlado sobre um determinado
alvo.
O primeiro método usado na produção de anticorpos monoclonais foi o hibridoma ou
fusão celular, em que se utilizam ratinhos para produzir anticorpos com elevada
especificidade. Contudo, as diferenças entre o sistema imunológico humano e o do
ratinho originam muitas reações adversas nos doentes tratados com estes anticorpos, o
que que conduz à sua rápida eliminação do organismo, à ocorrência de reações de
hipersensibilidade e a uma redução na capacidade de atingirem o local alvo da ação e,
portanto, uma ineficácia da terapêutica. No sentido de ultrapassar estas falhas, foram
desenvolvidos os anticorpos monoclonais quiméricos ou humanizados e os anticorpos
monoclonais totalmente humanos. Os primeiros são obtidos pela tecnologia do DNA
recombinante, sendo formados por uma porção proveniente de humanos e outra de
ratinhos, enquanto os últimos são apenas constituidos por porções humanas.
Os anticorpos monoclonais constituem a classe de produtos biofarmacêuticos mais
estudada. Nos últimos 25 anos foram aprovados para uso terapêutico mais de 30
anticorpos monoclonais e seus derivados. A investigação atual prossegue no sentido de
produzir anticorpos com maior biodisponibilidade, afinidade e especificidade, com o
objetivo de obter uma maior eficácia terapêutica.
Neste trabalho é feita uma revisão bibliográfica relativa às diferentes aplicações
terapêuticas dos anticorpos monoclonais. Na primeira parte do trabalho é definido o
conceito de anticorpo monoclonal e os seus métodos de produção. Na segunda parte são
referidos os seus vários usos terapêuticos, através de exemplos recentes.
Monoclonal antibodies are a class of biopharmaceutical products that consist of modified immunoglobulins, which have a specific effect on a specific controlled target. The first method employed to produce monoclonal antibodies was the hybridoma technology, where immortalized cells (hybridomas) produce antibodies with high specificity, the monoclonal antibodies, which are mouse antibodies. Nonetheless, the differences between the human and mouse immune systems triggered the development of human anti-mice, leading to the body rapid elimination of the antibodies, the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions and the reduction on the efficiency to reach the target organ, which leads to the failure of terapeutics. To overcome these drawbacks, chimeric and human monoclonal antibodies were developed. The former are produced by DNA recombinat technology and are formed by both human and mouse portions, while the latter are only made of human portions. Monoclonal antibodies are the more studied class of biopharmaceuticals. During the last 25 years, more than 30 products have been approved for clinical uses. Nowadays, the investigations are going on, in order to obtain monoclonal antibodies with higher bioavailability, affinity and specificity, which means a high therapeutic efficiency. In this review work the different therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies are presented. In the first part of the work, the concept of monoclonal antibody and its production methods are provided. In the second part, several examples of their recent therapeutic uses are illustrated.
Monoclonal antibodies are a class of biopharmaceutical products that consist of modified immunoglobulins, which have a specific effect on a specific controlled target. The first method employed to produce monoclonal antibodies was the hybridoma technology, where immortalized cells (hybridomas) produce antibodies with high specificity, the monoclonal antibodies, which are mouse antibodies. Nonetheless, the differences between the human and mouse immune systems triggered the development of human anti-mice, leading to the body rapid elimination of the antibodies, the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions and the reduction on the efficiency to reach the target organ, which leads to the failure of terapeutics. To overcome these drawbacks, chimeric and human monoclonal antibodies were developed. The former are produced by DNA recombinat technology and are formed by both human and mouse portions, while the latter are only made of human portions. Monoclonal antibodies are the more studied class of biopharmaceuticals. During the last 25 years, more than 30 products have been approved for clinical uses. Nowadays, the investigations are going on, in order to obtain monoclonal antibodies with higher bioavailability, affinity and specificity, which means a high therapeutic efficiency. In this review work the different therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies are presented. In the first part of the work, the concept of monoclonal antibody and its production methods are provided. In the second part, several examples of their recent therapeutic uses are illustrated.
Description
Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas
Keywords
Anticorpo Anticorpos monoclonais Antigénio Imunoglobulinas Linfócito Proteínas Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Antigen Immunoglobulin Lymphocyte Proteins