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Publication
Framing, mitos e opiniões: influência na credibilidade de vítimas de violência sexual
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dissertação de mestrado_41216 | 1.28 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
O presente estudo originou de uma inquietação fundamental: como é que a forma como os media retratam casos de violência sexual e os mitos de violação afetam a credibilidade que atribuímos às vítimas? Para responder a esta pergunta, a investigação desenvolveu-se em duas vertentes que se complementam: uma revisão sistemática da literatura e um estudo empírico com jovens portugueses. Na primeira parte, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de 14 estudos publicados entre 2015 e 2025, que analisaram o impacto do framing e dos mitos de violação na perceção da credibilidade das vítimas. Os resultados revelaram que os discursos mediáticos, sobretudo em contextos digitais, operam como filtros interpretativos que reforçam estereótipos de género, descredibilizam as vítimas e humanizam os agressores. Elementos como o consumo de álcool pela vítima, o tempo demorado até à denuncia, ou a ausência de resistência física foram fatores frequentemente associados a atribuição de menor credibilidade. Além disso, observou-se uma clara assimetria moral que penaliza comportamentos femininos fora das normas tradicionais e favorece agressores com elevado estatuto social. Também os homens vítimas enfrentam descrédito acentuado, fruto de mitos específicos associados à masculinidade hegemónica. Na segunda parte, foi desenvolvido um estudo empírico, com 131 jovens adultos portugueses. Foi utilizada uma metodologia quantitativa com componentes qualitativas, através da aplicação de um questionário online contruído com base na literatura. Os participantes foram expostos a diferentes versões de um cenário de violência sexual, manipulando variáveis como o género da vítima, a presença de mitos e comentários. O questionário foi construído de raiz, sendo divido em duas partes com respostas fechas e uma questão aberta para cada vítima, uma feminina e uma masculina. Os resultados demonstraram uma tendência generalizada de apoio às vítimas, contrariando a literatura mais pessimista sobre a aceitação dos mitos de violação. No entanto, este apoio revelou-se ambivalente: persistem formas subtis de dúvida e questionamento da vítima, como o consumo de álcool, o tempo até à denúncia ou a falta de existência de força física. Esta culpabilização subtil sugere que os mitos de violação evoluíram para formas menos explícitas, mas ainda presentas. A análise de género evidenciou que as participantes femininas mostraram níveis mais elevados de perceção de credibilidade na vítima, em contraste com os homens, que se revelaram mais reticentes, sobretudo no caso da vítima feminina. Conclui-se que, apesar de haver indícios de mudança e maior sensibilização, as estruturas cognitivas subjacentes aos mitos de violação continuam presentes, exigindo estratégias de intervenção mais profunda e culturalmente contextualizadas.
This study originates from a fundamental concern: how do media portrayals of sexual violence cases and rape myths affect the credibility we attribute to victims? To answer this question, the research was developed along two complementary paths: a systematic review and an empirical study with Portuguese young adults. In the first part, a systematic review was conducted of 14 studies published between 2015 and 2025, which analyzed the impact of framing and rape myths on the perception of victim credibility. The results revealed that media discourses, particularly in digital contexts, operate as interpretative filters that reinforce gender stereotypes, discredit victims, and humanize perpetrators. Elements such as alcohol consumption by the victim, delayed reporting, or the absence of physical resistance were frequently associated with attribution of lower credibility. Furthermore, a clear moral asymmetry was observed that penalizes female behaviors outside traditional norms and favors perpetrators with high social status. Male victims also face pronounced discrediting, resulting from specific myths associated with hegemonic masculinity. In the second part, an empirical study was conducted with 131 Portuguese young adults. A quantitative methodology with qualitative components was employed through the administration of an online questionnaire constructed based on the literature. Participants were exposed to different versions of a sexual violence scenario, manipulating variables such as victim gender, presence of myths, and comments. The questionnaire was built from scratch, divided into two parts with closed-ended responses and an open question for each victim, one female and one male. The results demonstrated a generalized tendency to support victims, contradicting the more pessimistic literature on the acceptance of rape myths. However, this support proved ambivalent: subtle forms of doubt and victim questioning persist, such as alcohol consumption, time until reporting, or the lack of physical force. The subtle victim-blaming suggests that rape myths have evolves into less explicit but still present forms. Gender analysis showed that female participants displayed higher levels of victim credibility perception, in contrast to men, who proved more reticent, especially in the case of female victims. It is concluded that, despite evidence of change and greater awareness, the cognitive structures underlying rape myths remain present, requiring deeper and more culturally contextualizes interventions strategies.
This study originates from a fundamental concern: how do media portrayals of sexual violence cases and rape myths affect the credibility we attribute to victims? To answer this question, the research was developed along two complementary paths: a systematic review and an empirical study with Portuguese young adults. In the first part, a systematic review was conducted of 14 studies published between 2015 and 2025, which analyzed the impact of framing and rape myths on the perception of victim credibility. The results revealed that media discourses, particularly in digital contexts, operate as interpretative filters that reinforce gender stereotypes, discredit victims, and humanize perpetrators. Elements such as alcohol consumption by the victim, delayed reporting, or the absence of physical resistance were frequently associated with attribution of lower credibility. Furthermore, a clear moral asymmetry was observed that penalizes female behaviors outside traditional norms and favors perpetrators with high social status. Male victims also face pronounced discrediting, resulting from specific myths associated with hegemonic masculinity. In the second part, an empirical study was conducted with 131 Portuguese young adults. A quantitative methodology with qualitative components was employed through the administration of an online questionnaire constructed based on the literature. Participants were exposed to different versions of a sexual violence scenario, manipulating variables such as victim gender, presence of myths, and comments. The questionnaire was built from scratch, divided into two parts with closed-ended responses and an open question for each victim, one female and one male. The results demonstrated a generalized tendency to support victims, contradicting the more pessimistic literature on the acceptance of rape myths. However, this support proved ambivalent: subtle forms of doubt and victim questioning persist, such as alcohol consumption, time until reporting, or the lack of physical force. The subtle victim-blaming suggests that rape myths have evolves into less explicit but still present forms. Gender analysis showed that female participants displayed higher levels of victim credibility perception, in contrast to men, who proved more reticent, especially in the case of female victims. It is concluded that, despite evidence of change and greater awareness, the cognitive structures underlying rape myths remain present, requiring deeper and more culturally contextualizes interventions strategies.
Description
Keywords
Violência sexual Framing Mitos de violação Credibilidade Estereótipos de género Culpabilização Sexual violence Rape myths Credibility Gender stereotypes Blaming