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Armazenamento de Dióxido de Carbono em Camadas de Carvão na Bacia do Paraná: desenvolvimento e perspectivas futuras no Brasil
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Abstract(s)
O presente trabalho discute o cenário mundial sobre o aquecimento global e seus efeitos políticos na adoção de tecnologias de mitigação de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa.
A crescente atenção com os efeitos das mudanças climáticas, especialmente a partir da década de 1990, tem gerado demandas por parte dos governos e blocos econômicos no sentido de limitar as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa, especialmente o dióxido de carbono. Sendo o setor energético responsável por parte significativa dessas emissões, as novas tecnologias de mitigação e/ou baixas emissões são incluídas no contexto dessa transição energética. Nesse sentido, tanto a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), no Acordo de Paris, em 2015, quanto a Comissão Europeia, nos documentos European 2020 Energy and Environmental Plan (2007); Energy Roadmap 2050 (2011); 2030 Energy Strategy (2014), orientam a adoção de tecnologias de captação e armazenamento de CO2 (CCS) para o cumprimento da meta de limitar o aumento da temperatura média global em 1,5ºC em relação aos níveis pré-industriais.
A sequestração geológica de dióxido de carbono (CO2) pode representar um armazenamento eficiente e seguro a longo prazo deste gás com efeito de estufa. Quando aplicada ao carvão, a injeção de CO2 pode também favorecer a extração de metano da camada de carvão. Dentro do cenário exposto, o presente trabalho objetivou contribuir com o estudo das características do carvão brasileiro da Bacia do Paraná, mais especificamente da Mina de Santa Catarina, camadas Bonito e Barro Branco, Formação Rio Bonito, na região de Criciúma, visando o estudo de sua potencial utilização como reservatório geológico de CO2. Essa área foi escolhida devido à importância histórica do carvão na região e da necessidade de averiguar a viabilidade desse recurso para uma finalidade adicional no contexto da transição energética. Desta maneira, acredita-se que a determinação desse potencial abre um novo caminho de aproveitamento deste recurso fóssil, hoje praticamente exclusivo para fins termelétricos.
Para estimar o potencial de armazenamento de CO2, a caracterização das amostras é baseada em dados de geoquímica orgânica, petrologia, petrografia, palinologia e isotermas de sorção, obtidos a partir de sete amostras de carvão.
Os resultados obtidos indicam que os carvões da Formação de Rio Bonito, das camadas Barro Branco e Bonito, são adequados para o armazenamento de CO2. As amostras Tal-Qual analisadas são classificadas como:
Classificação ASTM D 388-15
As amostras CR-5 e CR-7 como Carvão betuminoso medianamente volátil e, todas as restantes, como Carvão betuminoso altamente volátil A.
Classificação ISO 11760:2005
Todas as amostras como: Grau de carbonificação – Carvão betuminoso C; Composição Petrográfica – Vitrinite variável (entre alta a baixa); Categoria – Cinzas altas (seis amostras) e moderadamente altas (amostra CR-6).
Além disso, dentre as amostras estudadas, a maior capacidade de armazenamento de CO2 é atribuída à amostra CR6, da camada de Barro Branco, com 275 scf/ton (7,79 m3/t) de CO2 armazenado a 400 psi. Esses resultados indicam que as tecnologias CCS podem fazer parte da estratégia do Brasil para reduzir sua contribuição nas emissões de gases com efeito de estufa.
This thesis discusses the world scenario about global warming and its political effects on the adoption of greenhouse gas mitigation technologies. Increasing attention to the effects of climate change, especially since the 1990s, has led to demands from governments and economic blocs to limit greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide. As the energy sector is responsible for a significant part of these emissions, new mitigation and / or low emission technologies are included in the context of this energy transition. In this regard, both the United Nations (UN) in the Paris Agreement in 2015 and the European Commission in the European 2020 Energy and Environmental Plan (2007) documents; Energy Roadmap 2050 (2011); 2030 Energy Strategy (2014), guide the adoption of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies to meet the goal of limiting the global average temperature increase by 1.5ºC from pre-industrial levels. Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) can represent an efficient and safe long-term storage of this greenhouse gas. When applied to coals, CO2 injection may also enhance the coalbed methane production. Within the exposed scenario, the present work aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the characteristics of the Brazilian coal from the Paraná Basin, specifically from the Santa Catarina Mine, Bonito and Barro Branco layers, Rio Bonito Formation, in the Criciúma region, aiming the study of its potential use as a geological reservoir of CO2. This area was chosen because of the historical importance of coal in the region and the need to ascertain the viability of this resource for an additional purpose in the context of the energy transition. In this way, it is believed that the determination of this potential use opens a new path of this fossil resource, today almost exclusively for thermoelectric purposes. To estimate the CO2 storage potential, the characterization of the samples is based on organic geochemistry, petrology, petrography, palynology and sorption isotherms’ data obtained from seven coal samples. The results obtained indicate that the Rio Bonito Formation coals, from Barro Branco and Bonito layers are adequate to CO2 storage. The run-of-mine coal samples are classified as follows: Classification ASTM D 388-15 Sample CR-5 and CR-7 as medium volatile bituminous coal and all the samples as high volatile A bituminous coal. Classification ISO 11760:2005 All samples as: Rank – Bituminous C; Petrographic Composition – Vitrinite with great variability between high and low; Grade – high and moderately ash (six samples) and high ash (CR-6 sample). Additionally, among the studied samples with significant CO2 storage capacity, the sample CR6, from Barro Branco layer, is the one of largest potential, with 275 scf/ton (7.79 m3/t) of CO2 stored at 400 psi. These results indicate that CCS technologies may integrate the Brazil’s strategy to reduce its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions.
This thesis discusses the world scenario about global warming and its political effects on the adoption of greenhouse gas mitigation technologies. Increasing attention to the effects of climate change, especially since the 1990s, has led to demands from governments and economic blocs to limit greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide. As the energy sector is responsible for a significant part of these emissions, new mitigation and / or low emission technologies are included in the context of this energy transition. In this regard, both the United Nations (UN) in the Paris Agreement in 2015 and the European Commission in the European 2020 Energy and Environmental Plan (2007) documents; Energy Roadmap 2050 (2011); 2030 Energy Strategy (2014), guide the adoption of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies to meet the goal of limiting the global average temperature increase by 1.5ºC from pre-industrial levels. Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) can represent an efficient and safe long-term storage of this greenhouse gas. When applied to coals, CO2 injection may also enhance the coalbed methane production. Within the exposed scenario, the present work aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the characteristics of the Brazilian coal from the Paraná Basin, specifically from the Santa Catarina Mine, Bonito and Barro Branco layers, Rio Bonito Formation, in the Criciúma region, aiming the study of its potential use as a geological reservoir of CO2. This area was chosen because of the historical importance of coal in the region and the need to ascertain the viability of this resource for an additional purpose in the context of the energy transition. In this way, it is believed that the determination of this potential use opens a new path of this fossil resource, today almost exclusively for thermoelectric purposes. To estimate the CO2 storage potential, the characterization of the samples is based on organic geochemistry, petrology, petrography, palynology and sorption isotherms’ data obtained from seven coal samples. The results obtained indicate that the Rio Bonito Formation coals, from Barro Branco and Bonito layers are adequate to CO2 storage. The run-of-mine coal samples are classified as follows: Classification ASTM D 388-15 Sample CR-5 and CR-7 as medium volatile bituminous coal and all the samples as high volatile A bituminous coal. Classification ISO 11760:2005 All samples as: Rank – Bituminous C; Petrographic Composition – Vitrinite with great variability between high and low; Grade – high and moderately ash (six samples) and high ash (CR-6 sample). Additionally, among the studied samples with significant CO2 storage capacity, the sample CR6, from Barro Branco layer, is the one of largest potential, with 275 scf/ton (7.79 m3/t) of CO2 stored at 400 psi. These results indicate that CCS technologies may integrate the Brazil’s strategy to reduce its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions.