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A utilização da terra crua na arquitetura vernacular foi uma prĂĄtica comum na atividade do homem, enquanto explorou os recursos naturais, atendendo Ă s condicionantes regionais fĂsicas e culturais, em harmonia com a natureza. Os sistemas e tĂ©cnicas construtivas tradicionais, ao contrĂĄrio do que a dada altura se pensou, revelaram-se mais eficazes e duradouras relativamente Ă s soluçÔes tecnolĂłgicas contemporĂąneas. O seu pragmatismo demonstrou que o homem acumulou o saber empĂrico herdado de geraçÔes de artesĂŁos, mestres e artĂfices, que se desvanece com a afirmação do Fordismo. A industrialização, as alteraçÔes na organização do trabalho, e a generalização do uso de materiais tecnolĂłgicos, levou Ă especialização, ao trabalho fracionado executado por mĂșltiplos profissionais qualificados para os segmentos das tarefas exigidas, e consequentemente o desaparecimento das geraçÔes de homens que detinham o saber fazer integrado, acumulado e transmitido de geração em geração.
O patrimĂłnio arquitetĂłnico corrente, com sistemas construtivos tradicionais e vernaculares, tem uma expressĂŁo significativa no parque edificado nacional e, apresenta necessidade urgente de manutenção e reabilitação. Cabe ao arquiteto propor soluçÔes alinhadas com a emergente posição face Ă gestĂŁo do patrimĂłnio arquitetĂłnico corrente, assim como a resolução dos problemas numa lĂłgica de arquitetura sustentĂĄvel. Assim estudar as tĂ©cnicas de construção vernacular, formar tĂ©cnicos com competĂȘncias para intervir nestes edifĂcios e executar os trabalhos prescritos, permite criar mĂŁo-de-obra qualificada para atuar a nĂvel local, na manutenção e preservação do patrimĂłnio edificado corrente e permite devolver ao uso edifĂcios sem os desvirtuar. Por outro lado promove a criação de empregos locais, e mantendo as tĂ©cnicas construtivas permite utilizar materiais locais de baixo custo, com baixa incorporação energĂ©tica e reduzir a emissĂŁo de CO2 no seu processamento.
Esta dissertação pretende promover a arquitetura de terra, a partir do aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre esta temĂĄtica, propondo formação especĂfica para a aquisição de competĂȘncias orientadas Ă execução, manutenção e disseminação dos sistemas construtivos vernaculares e consequentemente Ă s tĂ©cnicas construtivas que utilizam a terra crua como matĂ©ria-prima.
The usage of raw earth in traditional architecture was a common practice in human activity while natural resources were explored, in line with the physical and cultural regional limitations and in harmony with nature. Traditional construction techniques and systems are, in spite of long held beliefs, more efficient and long-lasting than the contemporary technological solutions. Their pragmatism has shown that mankind inherited the empirical knowledge of generations of craftsmen, a knowledge which disappears with the arrival of Fordism. Industry development, changes in labour organization and the widespread usage of technological materials have all led to specialization, to the fractioned work executed by several professionals, each qualified to their segment of the needed task, and consequently led to the disappearance of the generations of men who had the know-how of all previous generations. The current architectural landscape, with traditional construction systems, has a significant expression in the nationwide building stock and shows an urgent need for maintenance and rehabilitation work. It is the architectâs job to come up with solutions in line with the emerging position with regard to the management of the current architectural landscape, as well as the resolution of problems with a view to sustainable architecture. Thus, the study of traditional construction techniques and the training of technicians with skills for working in these buildings and perform the needed intervention allows the creation of a qualified workforce at local level, which can operate in maintenance and preservation of the current building stock and in turn rehabilitate buildings back into usage without denaturing them. On the other hand, it allows the creation of jobs at local level, and using the traditional techniques allows the usage of locally sourced, low cost materials with a low energy cost and a low CO2 footprint. The following dissertation is aimed at promoting earth architecture by deepening the knowledge on this topic, proposing specific training focused on acquiring skills for execution, maintenance and spreading of traditional construction systems, and consequently of the construction techniques which use raw earth as a material.
The usage of raw earth in traditional architecture was a common practice in human activity while natural resources were explored, in line with the physical and cultural regional limitations and in harmony with nature. Traditional construction techniques and systems are, in spite of long held beliefs, more efficient and long-lasting than the contemporary technological solutions. Their pragmatism has shown that mankind inherited the empirical knowledge of generations of craftsmen, a knowledge which disappears with the arrival of Fordism. Industry development, changes in labour organization and the widespread usage of technological materials have all led to specialization, to the fractioned work executed by several professionals, each qualified to their segment of the needed task, and consequently led to the disappearance of the generations of men who had the know-how of all previous generations. The current architectural landscape, with traditional construction systems, has a significant expression in the nationwide building stock and shows an urgent need for maintenance and rehabilitation work. It is the architectâs job to come up with solutions in line with the emerging position with regard to the management of the current architectural landscape, as well as the resolution of problems with a view to sustainable architecture. Thus, the study of traditional construction techniques and the training of technicians with skills for working in these buildings and perform the needed intervention allows the creation of a qualified workforce at local level, which can operate in maintenance and preservation of the current building stock and in turn rehabilitate buildings back into usage without denaturing them. On the other hand, it allows the creation of jobs at local level, and using the traditional techniques allows the usage of locally sourced, low cost materials with a low energy cost and a low CO2 footprint. The following dissertation is aimed at promoting earth architecture by deepening the knowledge on this topic, proposing specific training focused on acquiring skills for execution, maintenance and spreading of traditional construction systems, and consequently of the construction techniques which use raw earth as a material.