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O impacto da fotopolimerização na microinfiltração de restaurações em compósito: revisão integrativa
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A microinfiltração marginal continua a ser uma das principais causas de falha em restaurações de resina composta, afetando a sua longevidade clínica. Dada a crescente diversidade de materiais restauradores e a constante evolução dos protocolos de fotopolimerização, torna-se essencial compreender como essas variáveis influenciam a adaptação marginal. A presente revisão integrativa teve como objetivo analisar estudos in vitro publicados entre 2014 e 2025 que investigaram a relação entre diferentes protocolos de fotopolimerização e a ocorrência de microinfiltração em restaurações com resina composta. A pesquisa foi conduzida em bases de dados PubMed, PMC, ScienceDirect, resultando na seleção de sete estudos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Os protocolos analisados incluíram variações de intensidade e tempo de luz, tipo de unidade de fotopolimerização (LED vs QTH), modos de ativação (contínuo, softstart, pulse-delay), estratégias como o pré-aquecimento da resina e o uso de compósitos com tecnologia RAFT (Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer). Os resultados indicaram que os dispositivos LED de alta intensidade demonstraram desempenho superior em relação às unidades halógenas convencionais, proporcionando menor infiltração marginal. Além disso, o pré-aquecimento da resina composta revelouse uma estratégia eficaz para reduzir a microinfiltração, melhorando a adaptação marginal por meio da redução da viscosidade do material. Materiais restauradores de última geração, como os ormocers e as resinas bioativas, apresentaram melhor desempenho marginal quando comparados aos compósitos convencionais. Os compósitos com tecnologia RAFT, fotopolimerizados por apenas três segundos com irradiância elevada, também mostraram resultados promissores, sugerindo que é possível obter selamento eficaz com tempos reduzidos, desde que a composição do material seja otimizada. Todos os estudos incluídos foram conduzidos em ambiente laboratorial, o que limita a extrapolação dos resultados para o contexto clínico real, devido à ausência de fatores como humidade, variações térmicas, forças mastigatórias e envelhecimento biológico. A heterogeneidade nos métodos de avaliação da microinfiltração, bem como o uso de amostras reduzidas e a ausência de simulações clínicas mais realistas, representam limitações metodológicas importantes. Apesar disso, os achados desta revisão fornecem uma base relevante para orientar decisões clínicas mais informadas e sustentadas por evidências. Conclui-se que a escolha adequada do protocolo de fotopolimerização, associada a materiais restauradores modernos e estratégias complementares como o pré-aquecimento, pode contribuir significativamente para a redução da microinfiltração marginal. Recomenda-se que futuras pesquisas incluam estudos clínicos controlados e de longo prazo, com padronização metodológica rigorosa, a fim de validar os achados laboratoriais e fortalecer as recomendações para a prática clínica.
Marginal microleakage remains one of the leading causes of failure in composite restorations, compromising their clinical longevity. Given the increasing diversity of restorative materials and the continuous evolution of light-curing protocols, it is essential to understand how these variables influence marginal adaptation. This integrative review aimed to analyze in vitro studies published between 2014 and 2025 that investigated the relationship between different light-curing protocols and the occurrence of microleakage in composite restorations. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, PMC, and ScienceDirect databases, resulting in the selection of seven studies that met the predefined inclusion criteria. The protocols analyzed included variations in light intensity and exposure time, types of light-curing units (LED vs. QTH), curing modes (continuous, soft-start, pulse-delay), as well as strategies such as preheating of the resin and the use of composites incorporating RAFT (Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer) technology. The results indicated that high-intensity LED devices demonstrated superior performance compared to conventional halogen units, resulting in lower marginal microleakage. Furthermore, preheating of composite resin emerged as an effective strategy to reduce microleakage by improving marginal adaptation through viscosity reduction. Nextgeneration restorative materials, such as ormocers and bioactive resins, also exhibited improved marginal sealing performance compared to conventional methacrylate-based composites. RAFT-modified bulk-fill composites, light-cured in only three seconds under high irradiance, yielded promising results, suggesting that effective marginal sealing can be achieved with reduced curing times, provided that the material composition is optimized. However, all included studies were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, which limits the extrapolation of results to the clinical setting, where variables such as moisture, thermal fluctuations, masticatory forces, and biological aging are present. The heterogeneity in microleakage assessment methods, small sample sizes, and lack of realistic clinical simulation were identified as key methodological limitations. Despite these constraints, the findings of this review provide valuable evidence to guide more informed, evidence-based clinical decision-making. It is concluded that the appropriate selection of light-curing protocols, combined with modern restorative materials and adjunctive techniques such as preheating, can significantly contribute to minimizing marginal microleakage. Future studies are recommended to include long-term, controlled clinical trials with rigorous methodological standardization to validate laboratory findings and strengthen clinical recommendations.
Marginal microleakage remains one of the leading causes of failure in composite restorations, compromising their clinical longevity. Given the increasing diversity of restorative materials and the continuous evolution of light-curing protocols, it is essential to understand how these variables influence marginal adaptation. This integrative review aimed to analyze in vitro studies published between 2014 and 2025 that investigated the relationship between different light-curing protocols and the occurrence of microleakage in composite restorations. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, PMC, and ScienceDirect databases, resulting in the selection of seven studies that met the predefined inclusion criteria. The protocols analyzed included variations in light intensity and exposure time, types of light-curing units (LED vs. QTH), curing modes (continuous, soft-start, pulse-delay), as well as strategies such as preheating of the resin and the use of composites incorporating RAFT (Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer) technology. The results indicated that high-intensity LED devices demonstrated superior performance compared to conventional halogen units, resulting in lower marginal microleakage. Furthermore, preheating of composite resin emerged as an effective strategy to reduce microleakage by improving marginal adaptation through viscosity reduction. Nextgeneration restorative materials, such as ormocers and bioactive resins, also exhibited improved marginal sealing performance compared to conventional methacrylate-based composites. RAFT-modified bulk-fill composites, light-cured in only three seconds under high irradiance, yielded promising results, suggesting that effective marginal sealing can be achieved with reduced curing times, provided that the material composition is optimized. However, all included studies were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, which limits the extrapolation of results to the clinical setting, where variables such as moisture, thermal fluctuations, masticatory forces, and biological aging are present. The heterogeneity in microleakage assessment methods, small sample sizes, and lack of realistic clinical simulation were identified as key methodological limitations. Despite these constraints, the findings of this review provide valuable evidence to guide more informed, evidence-based clinical decision-making. It is concluded that the appropriate selection of light-curing protocols, combined with modern restorative materials and adjunctive techniques such as preheating, can significantly contribute to minimizing marginal microleakage. Future studies are recommended to include long-term, controlled clinical trials with rigorous methodological standardization to validate laboratory findings and strengthen clinical recommendations.
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Palavras-chave
Resina composta Fotopolimerização Microinfiltração LED Pré-aquecimento RAFT Resin Photopolymerization Microleakage Preheating