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O papel dos médicos dentistas na prevenção do cancro oral em populações de risco: revisão integrativa
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Resumo(s)
Objetivo: Analisar criticamente a evidência científica publicada entre 2016 e 2024 sobre o papel dos médicos dentistas na prevenção do cancro oral em populações de risco. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura científica orientada pelo protocolo PRISMA, com seleção de estudos publicados em bases de dados internacionais no período entre 2016 e 2024, focando fatores de risco, práticas preventivas e estratégias de intervenção implementadas por médicos dentistas no âmbito do cancro oral.
Resultados: De um total de 69 artigos foram incluídos 14 artigos. O carcinoma de células escamosas destaca-se como a forma mais prevalente de cancro oral, frequentemente diagnosticado em estádios avançados. Identificaram-se como principais fatores de risco o tabagismo, consumo de álcool, infeções por HPV, disbiose do microbioma oral, periodontite, idade avançada, imunossupressão e má higiene oral. A literatura recente evidencia a relevância crescente da disbiose oral e de bactérias Gram negativas como Porphyromonas gingivalis e Fusobacterium nucleatum na carcinogénese oral. Verificaram-se lacunas no conhecimento dos pacientes e falhas na implementação sistemática de estratégias preventivas por parte dos médicos dentistas, incluindo exames intraorais e aconselhamento preventivo.
Conclusão: Os médicos dentistas desempenham um papel essencial na prevenção do cancro oral através de uma abordagem multidimensional que inclui ações educativas, rastreio clínico, monitorização periodontal com biomarcadores e aconselhamento para modificação de comportamentos de risco. A promoção de uma prática clínica proativa e centrada na prevenção é fundamental para reduzir a incidência e a mortalidade associadas ao cancro oral em populações vulneráveis.
Objective: To critically analyze the scientific evidence published between 2016 and 2024 on the role of dentists in the prevention of oral cancer in at-risk populations. Methodology: Integrative review of scientific literature guided by the PRISMA protocol, with selection of studies published in international databases between 2016 and 2024, focusing on risk factors, preventive practices and intervention strategies implemented by dentists in the field of oral cancer. Results: Of a total of 69 articles, 14 articles were included. OSCC stands out as the most prevalent form of oral cancer, often diagnosed in advanced stages. Smoking, alcoholism, HPV infections, oral microbiome dysbiosis, periodontitis, advanced age, immunosuppression and poor oral hygiene were identified as the main risk factors. Recent literature highlights the growing relevance of oral dysbiosis and Gram-negative bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in oral carcinogenesis. There were gaps in patients' knowledge and failures in dentists' systematic implementation of preventive strategies, including intraoral examinations and preventive counseling. Conclusion: Dentists play an essential role in preventing oral cancer through a multidimensional approach that includes educational actions, clinical screening, periodontal monitoring with biomarkers and counseling to modify risk behaviors. Promoting a proactive clinical practice focused on prevention is essential to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with oral cancer in vulnerable populations.
Objective: To critically analyze the scientific evidence published between 2016 and 2024 on the role of dentists in the prevention of oral cancer in at-risk populations. Methodology: Integrative review of scientific literature guided by the PRISMA protocol, with selection of studies published in international databases between 2016 and 2024, focusing on risk factors, preventive practices and intervention strategies implemented by dentists in the field of oral cancer. Results: Of a total of 69 articles, 14 articles were included. OSCC stands out as the most prevalent form of oral cancer, often diagnosed in advanced stages. Smoking, alcoholism, HPV infections, oral microbiome dysbiosis, periodontitis, advanced age, immunosuppression and poor oral hygiene were identified as the main risk factors. Recent literature highlights the growing relevance of oral dysbiosis and Gram-negative bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in oral carcinogenesis. There were gaps in patients' knowledge and failures in dentists' systematic implementation of preventive strategies, including intraoral examinations and preventive counseling. Conclusion: Dentists play an essential role in preventing oral cancer through a multidimensional approach that includes educational actions, clinical screening, periodontal monitoring with biomarkers and counseling to modify risk behaviors. Promoting a proactive clinical practice focused on prevention is essential to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with oral cancer in vulnerable populations.
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Palavras-chave
Cancro oral Prevenção Fatores de risco Médico dentista Disbiose oral Periodontite Oral cancer Prevention Risk factors Dentist Oral dysbiosis Periodontitis