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Impacto da investigação em virologia na atribuição do Prémio Nobel
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Abstract(s)
Introdução – O estudo dos vírus torna-se fundamental porque, para além de estarem em grande proporção no meio ambiente e fazerem parte do corpo humano, pois cada célula humana contém DNA viral, são agentes patogénicos que infectam os seus hospedeiros e podem provocar doenças. Além disso, o estudo dos vírus permite aprofundar o modo como uma infecção viral induz mecanismos de reprogramação celular, tornando possível usar o genoma viral como veículo na transferência de genes para células e organismos para fins científicos e medicinais (Flint et alii, 2008).
Objectivo - Neste trabalho de revisão bibliográfica irá ser analisado o impacto da investigação em virologia na atribuição do Prémio Nobel. O principal objectivo deste trabalho consiste em numerar alguns investigadores com maior influência no estudo da área da virologia, de entre os que receberam o Prémio Nobel. Serão, também, abordadas, sempre que possível, as seguintes características relativas a cada investigador: o tema da descoberta que levou o investigador ao reconhecimento internacional e o ano em que recebeu o prémio, qual o vírus estudado; determinar quanto tempo leva entre a publicação do artigo referente à descoberta e a atribuição do Prémio Nobel; determinar quanto tempo decorre entre a publicação do artigo que diz respeito à descoberta e a sua aplicação clínica; qual a formação académica do investigador, a sua idade quando publicaram o primeiro artigo e outros aspectos biográficos.
Material e métodos - Iniciou-se esta pesquisa acedendo ao site do Prémio Nobel com o intuito de tomar conhecimento sobre a quem tinha sido atribuído o Prémio Nobel da Medicina. De seguida, seleccionou-se os investigadores com descobertas mais relevantes na área da virologia e realizou-se a sua pesquisa biográfica recorrendo, também, ao site do Prémio Nobel e, posteriormente, uma bibliográfica nas bases de dados como Google Scholar e Pubmed de artigos publicados pelos mesmos.
Resultado e discussão - Os investigadores com maior influência no estudo da área da virologia, de entre os que receberam o Prémio Nobel, são os que revolucionaram o conhecimento científico sobre os vírus (Nobel Media, 2019). Alguns dos investigadores mais influentes são: Harald Zur Hausen, Stanley Prusiner, Peter Doherty, Michael Bishop, David Baltimore, Max Delbrück, Peyton Rous, François Jacob, Max Theiler
Conclusão - Com a realização deste trabalho, e após a análise dos investigadores laureados com o Prémio Nobel em resultado da sua investigação na área dos vírus, observamos que o perfil apresentado inclui, principalmente, as seguintes características: género masculino, nacionalidade americana, publicação do artigo referente ao Prémio, apartir de investigação na Escola de Medicina de Harvard ou no Instituto Pasteur, com idade compreendida entre os 26 e os 35 anos, e atribuição do Prémio 5 a 20 anos mais tarde, já na faixa etária entre os 51 e os 60 anos. Relativamente às primeiras publicações como investigador, foram feitas com idades compreendidas entre os 26 e os 35 anos, no Instituto Nacional de Saúde, na Universidade Michigan, ou no Instituto Pasteur.
Introduction – The study of viruses is essential because, besides being in great proportion in the environment and are part of human body, as every human cell contains viral DNA, are pathogens that infect their hosts and can cause diseases. Furthermore, analyze víruses allows to know more about the way how a viral induces cell reprogramming mechanisms, making it possible to use viral genome as a vehicle in gene transfer to cells and organisms for scientific and medicinal purposes. Objectives – In this bibliographic review will be analyzed the impact of virology research in awarding the Nobel Prize. The main purpose of this paper is to name some of the most influential researchers in the study of virology, among those who won the Nobel Prize. Whenever possible, will also name the following characteristics relative to each researcher: the theme of the discovery that led the researcher to international recognition and the year they received the award; what virus they studied; to determine how long it takes between the publication of the discovery article and the attribution of Nobel prize; to determine how long elapses between the publication of the article concerning the discovery and its clinical application; what is the academic path, age when published their first article and other bibliographic aspects. Material and methods – This research began by accessing the Nobel prize website in order to know who had been awarded the Nobel prize of medicine. Then, selected the researchers with the most relevant findings in the field of virology and carried out their biographical research also using the Nobel prize website and later, a bibliographic in databases such as Google Scholar e Pubmed of articles published by them. Results and discussion – The most influential researchers in the study of virology among the Nobel laureates are the ones who revolutionized scientific knowledge about viroses. Some of the most influential researchers are: Harald Zur Hausen, Stanley Prusiner, Peter Doherty, Michael Bishop, David Baltimore, Max Delbrück, Peyton Rous, François Jacob, Max Theiler. Conclusion – With the completion of this work and after the analysis of the researchers awarded the Nobel Prize as a result of their research in the field of viruses, we observed that the profile presented mainly includes the following characteristics: male gender, American nationality, publication of the article referring to the award, from research at Harvard School of Medicine or at the Pasteur Institute, aged between 26 and 35, and awarding the prize 5 to 20 years later, already aged between 51 and 60 years. Relatively to the first publications as a researcher were made with ages between 26 and 35 years old, at the National Institute of Health, University of Michigan or Pasteur Institute.
Introduction – The study of viruses is essential because, besides being in great proportion in the environment and are part of human body, as every human cell contains viral DNA, are pathogens that infect their hosts and can cause diseases. Furthermore, analyze víruses allows to know more about the way how a viral induces cell reprogramming mechanisms, making it possible to use viral genome as a vehicle in gene transfer to cells and organisms for scientific and medicinal purposes. Objectives – In this bibliographic review will be analyzed the impact of virology research in awarding the Nobel Prize. The main purpose of this paper is to name some of the most influential researchers in the study of virology, among those who won the Nobel Prize. Whenever possible, will also name the following characteristics relative to each researcher: the theme of the discovery that led the researcher to international recognition and the year they received the award; what virus they studied; to determine how long it takes between the publication of the discovery article and the attribution of Nobel prize; to determine how long elapses between the publication of the article concerning the discovery and its clinical application; what is the academic path, age when published their first article and other bibliographic aspects. Material and methods – This research began by accessing the Nobel prize website in order to know who had been awarded the Nobel prize of medicine. Then, selected the researchers with the most relevant findings in the field of virology and carried out their biographical research also using the Nobel prize website and later, a bibliographic in databases such as Google Scholar e Pubmed of articles published by them. Results and discussion – The most influential researchers in the study of virology among the Nobel laureates are the ones who revolutionized scientific knowledge about viroses. Some of the most influential researchers are: Harald Zur Hausen, Stanley Prusiner, Peter Doherty, Michael Bishop, David Baltimore, Max Delbrück, Peyton Rous, François Jacob, Max Theiler. Conclusion – With the completion of this work and after the analysis of the researchers awarded the Nobel Prize as a result of their research in the field of viruses, we observed that the profile presented mainly includes the following characteristics: male gender, American nationality, publication of the article referring to the award, from research at Harvard School of Medicine or at the Pasteur Institute, aged between 26 and 35, and awarding the prize 5 to 20 years later, already aged between 51 and 60 years. Relatively to the first publications as a researcher were made with ages between 26 and 35 years old, at the National Institute of Health, University of Michigan or Pasteur Institute.
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Keywords
Prémio Nobel Investigadores Investigação Virologia Vírus Nobel Prize Researchers Research Virus