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A cooperação triangular como instrumento de soft power: de Nairobi 2009 à BAPA+40 (2019) e a perspectiva de Portugal
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
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| Dissertação de mestrado_2023115979 | 6.91 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
A Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento (CID) consolidou-se como uma política global de relevância estratégica na interação entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento a partir da segunda metade do século XX, impulsionada por três dinâmicas históricas das relações internacionais: a disputa Leste-Oeste em meio à Guerra Fria entre os Estados Unidos da América (EUA) e a antiga União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS); o conflito Norte-Sul, a partir do processo de descolonização e criação de novos Estados; e o fenômeno da globalização com a intensificação da interdependência econômica, tecnológica e ambiental. Centrada inicialmente nos fluxos bilaterais Norte–Sul (CNS), a CID evoluiu para a incorporação de novos arranjos de implementação, como a Cooperação Sul–Sul (CSS) e a Cooperação Triangular (TrC).
Este estudo objetiva apresentar as mudanças significativas de discurso e de práticas que vieram a constituir um novo paradigma e arquitetura no âmbito da CID, na década de 2009 a 2019, período entre duas emblemáticas Conferências de Alto Nível das Nações Unidas para a Cooperação Sul-Sul - a Nairobi 2009 e a BAPA+40 (2019) - em particular no que se refere à adoção da TrC como instrumento de soft power e de adequação dos países doadores tradicionais da CNS, primordialmente membros do Comitê de Ajuda ao Desenvolvimento (CAD) da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), frente à escassez de recursos derivada da crise financeira de 2008 e à pujante CSS motivada pelos países emergentes no papel de novos doadores da CID.
A TrC refere-se, de maneira geral, a uma abordagem inovadora na CID para a formação de parcerias, na qual um Estado tradicionalmente doador ou uma organização internacional oferecem apoio a iniciativas conduzidas por dois ou mais países em desenvolvimento, a chamada CSS, mediante a combinação de recursos técnicos, financeiros e institucionais para o alcance de objetivos de desenvolvimento, atualmente representados pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da Agenda 2030 da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). Acolhendo a possibilidade da existência de arranjos Sul-Sul-Sul, este Trabalho de Projeto concentra-se em aspectos relacionados ao interesse crescente do Norte Global no desenvolvimento de ações de TrC e a sua equiparação, pela OCDE, à diplomacia técnica, modalidade pela qual se emprega o conhecimento técnico, a expertise, o know how como vetor do diálogo político e da disseminação de valores e modelos no cenário internacional.
Para compor uma ilustração concreta, este trabalho apresenta, ainda, considerações sobre a política externa de Portugal, país membro fundador da OCDE e reconhecido pelos seus pares no papel de excelente executor e articulador da TrC, tanto em termos bilaterais quanto multilaterais, merecendo destaque, nessa última seara, a promoção regular, desde 2012, de conferências internacionais sobre o tema, e a atuação junto à Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP) e à Secretaria-Geral Ibero-Americana (SEGIB).
International Development Cooperation (IDC) was consolidated as a global policy of strategic importance in the interaction between developed and developing countries from the second half of the 20th century onwards, driven by three historical dynamics in international relations: the East-West dispute in the midst of the Cold War between the United States of America (USA) and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the North-South conflict, based on the process of decolonization and the creation of new states; and the phenomenon of globalization with the intensification of economic, technological and environmental interdependence. Initially centered on bilateral North-South flows (NSC), the IDC has evolved to incorporate new implementation arrangements, such as South-South Cooperation (SSC) and Triangular Cooperation (TrC). This study aims to present the significant changes in discourse and practices that have come to constitute a new paradigm and architecture within the framework of IDC, in the decade from 2009 to 2019, the period between the two emblematic United Nations High-Level Conferences on South-South Cooperation, Nairobi 2009 and BAPA+40 (2019), in particular with regard to the adoption of TrC as an instrument of soft power and adaptation of the traditional donor countries of the NSC, primarily members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), given the shortage of resources resulting from the 2008 financial crisis and the boom in SSC driven by emerging countries in their role as new donors of IDC. TrC refers, in general, to an innovative approach in IDC to the formation of partnerships, in which a traditional donor state or an international organization offers support to initiatives led by two or more developing countries, known as SSC, by combining technical, financial and institutional resources to achieve development objectives, currently represented by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda. While accepting the possibility of the existence of South-South-South arrangements, this research work focuses on aspects related to the growing interest of the Global North in the development of TrC actions and their equalization by the OEDC with technical diplomacy, a modality in which technical knowledge, expertise and know-how are used as a vector for political dialogue and the dissemination of values and models on the international stage. In order to provide a concrete illustration, this work also presents considerations on Portugal´s foreign policy, a founding member of the OECD and recognized by its peers as an excellent executor and articulator of TrC, both bilaterally and multilaterally. In the latter area, it is worth highlighting the regular promotion of international conferences on the subject since 2012, as well as its work within the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) and the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB).
International Development Cooperation (IDC) was consolidated as a global policy of strategic importance in the interaction between developed and developing countries from the second half of the 20th century onwards, driven by three historical dynamics in international relations: the East-West dispute in the midst of the Cold War between the United States of America (USA) and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); the North-South conflict, based on the process of decolonization and the creation of new states; and the phenomenon of globalization with the intensification of economic, technological and environmental interdependence. Initially centered on bilateral North-South flows (NSC), the IDC has evolved to incorporate new implementation arrangements, such as South-South Cooperation (SSC) and Triangular Cooperation (TrC). This study aims to present the significant changes in discourse and practices that have come to constitute a new paradigm and architecture within the framework of IDC, in the decade from 2009 to 2019, the period between the two emblematic United Nations High-Level Conferences on South-South Cooperation, Nairobi 2009 and BAPA+40 (2019), in particular with regard to the adoption of TrC as an instrument of soft power and adaptation of the traditional donor countries of the NSC, primarily members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), given the shortage of resources resulting from the 2008 financial crisis and the boom in SSC driven by emerging countries in their role as new donors of IDC. TrC refers, in general, to an innovative approach in IDC to the formation of partnerships, in which a traditional donor state or an international organization offers support to initiatives led by two or more developing countries, known as SSC, by combining technical, financial and institutional resources to achieve development objectives, currently represented by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda. While accepting the possibility of the existence of South-South-South arrangements, this research work focuses on aspects related to the growing interest of the Global North in the development of TrC actions and their equalization by the OEDC with technical diplomacy, a modality in which technical knowledge, expertise and know-how are used as a vector for political dialogue and the dissemination of values and models on the international stage. In order to provide a concrete illustration, this work also presents considerations on Portugal´s foreign policy, a founding member of the OECD and recognized by its peers as an excellent executor and articulator of TrC, both bilaterally and multilaterally. In the latter area, it is worth highlighting the regular promotion of international conferences on the subject since 2012, as well as its work within the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) and the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB).
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Keywords
Cooperação internacional Desenvolvimento Cooperação triangular OCDE Soft power International cooperation Development Triangular cooperation OECD