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O impacto da malnutrição na saúde oral em idades pediátricas: uma revisão narrativa
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A malnutrição é um desequilíbrio nutricional que afeta a saúde geral e oral dos indivíduos. A subnutrição resulta de uma ingestão insuficiente de nutrientes, a sobrenutrição decorre do excesso calórico, e a malnutrição específica deve-se à carência de micronutrientes essenciais. Todas impactam a saúde oral, enfraquecendo os tecidos, prejudicando a mineralização dentária e aumentando o risco de infeções e patologias gengivais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo examinar o impacto dessas diferentes formas de malnutrição na saúde oral das crianças, analisando as causas, os efeitos e as medidas de prevenção possíveis. Foram consultadas as bases de dados PubMed, ScienceDirect e Wiley online Library. Foram incluídos artigos de 2014-2024, em inglês, francês e português, sobre malnutrição infantil e saúde oral. A pesquisa abrangeu revisões narrativas e sistemáticas, meta-análises, estudos originais, relatos de caso, pesquisas em animais e sites governamentais. Excluíram-se estudos com amostras acima de 18 anos e crianças com doenças sistémicas. De acordo com as 53 publicações científicas, a obesidade infantil, que está a aumentar, resulta do consumo excessivo de açúcares e alimentos processados, associado ao sedentarismo e a fatores socioeconômicos, aumentando cáries, inflamações gengivais e patologias periodontais. A subnutrição, preocupante em contextos de crise, afeta crianças de famílias numerosas ou com alimentação limitada, causando atraso no crescimento dentário, fragilidade do esmalte e maior risco de cáries. Além disso, carências em proteínas, vitaminas e minerais, ligadas à subnutrição ou sobrenutrição, agravam esses problemas, reforçando a importância de uma alimentação equilibrada para a saúde oral infantil. A alimentação é essencial para a saúde oral infantil, mas os desafios modernos agravam a malnutrição.
Malnutrition is a nutritional imbalance that affects the general and oral health of individuals. Undernutrition results from an insufficient intake of nutrients, overnutrition arises from excessive caloric intake, and hidden malnutrition is due to a deficiency of essential micronutrients. Regardless the type, both negatively impact oral health, weakening tissues, impairing dental mineralization, and increasing the risk of infections and gingival diseases. This work aims to examine the impact of these different forms of malnutrition on children’s oral health, analyzing the causes, effects, and possible preventive measures. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Online Library databases were consulted. Articles from 2014 to 2024, published in English, French, and Portuguese, on child malnutrition and oral health were included. The research covered narrative and systematic reviews, meta-analyses, original studies, case reports, humans, and government websites. Studies with samples over 18 years of age and children with systemic diseases were excluded. According to the 53 scientific publications were selected. In fact, childhood obesity, which is increasing, results from the excessive consumption of energetic dense and processed foods, associated with a sedentary lifestyle and socioeconomic factors, may affect the increase of caries, gingival inflammation, and periodontal diseases. Undernutrition, which is of concern in crisis contexts, normally affects children from large families or with limited access to food, causing a delayed dental growth, enamel fragility, and an increased risk of caries. In addition, deficiencies in proteins, vitamins, and minerals, linked to undernutrition or overnutrition, aggravate these problems, reinforcing the importance of a balanced diet for an adequate children's oral health. Nutrition is essential for children’s oral health, but modern challenges worsen malnutrition.
Malnutrition is a nutritional imbalance that affects the general and oral health of individuals. Undernutrition results from an insufficient intake of nutrients, overnutrition arises from excessive caloric intake, and hidden malnutrition is due to a deficiency of essential micronutrients. Regardless the type, both negatively impact oral health, weakening tissues, impairing dental mineralization, and increasing the risk of infections and gingival diseases. This work aims to examine the impact of these different forms of malnutrition on children’s oral health, analyzing the causes, effects, and possible preventive measures. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Online Library databases were consulted. Articles from 2014 to 2024, published in English, French, and Portuguese, on child malnutrition and oral health were included. The research covered narrative and systematic reviews, meta-analyses, original studies, case reports, humans, and government websites. Studies with samples over 18 years of age and children with systemic diseases were excluded. According to the 53 scientific publications were selected. In fact, childhood obesity, which is increasing, results from the excessive consumption of energetic dense and processed foods, associated with a sedentary lifestyle and socioeconomic factors, may affect the increase of caries, gingival inflammation, and periodontal diseases. Undernutrition, which is of concern in crisis contexts, normally affects children from large families or with limited access to food, causing a delayed dental growth, enamel fragility, and an increased risk of caries. In addition, deficiencies in proteins, vitamins, and minerals, linked to undernutrition or overnutrition, aggravate these problems, reinforcing the importance of a balanced diet for an adequate children's oral health. Nutrition is essential for children’s oral health, but modern challenges worsen malnutrition.
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Keywords
Malnutrição Crianças Saúde oral Obesidade Subnutrição Nutrientes Malnutrition Children Oral health Obesity Undernutrition Nutrients