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A lógica atuarial aplicada no sistema de justiça criminal brasileiro: uma análise do seu impacto nas decisões de conversão de prisão em flagrante em prisão preventiva e de concessão de liberdade provisória
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Abstract(s)
O presente trabalho pretende analisar a aplicação da lógica atuarial no sistema de justiça criminal brasileiro, bem como o impacto causado no número de prisões e de liberdades provisórias após a aplicação do instrumento de avaliação de risco denominado Public Safety Assessment Court – PSA, criado no ano de 2013, pelo Instituto Justice System Partners (JSP), em parceria com a The Laura e John Arnold Foudation. A utilização da lógica atuarial no sistema de justiça criminal tem ocupado grande espaço e interesse por parte de vários países, além dos Estados Unidos da América que há muito tempo já a utilizam como ferramenta de gestão de grupos sociais indesejados. Após o estudo sobre o tema, constatou-se que no Brasil pouco se fala sobre a lógica atuarial e também sobre política criminal atuarial, não havendo legislação que institua, determine ou regulamente o uso de instrumentos dessa natureza no sistema processual penal brasileiro. De outro lado, o Brasil apresenta graves problemas em seu sistema penitenciário, em especial um elevado número de presos provisórios, necessitando, assim, de ideias e projetos que possam amenizar essa realidade preocupante e urgente. Por conta disso é que o trabalho se apresenta relevante, pois, como objetivo central, busca verificar se a aplicação da lógica atuarial no sistema de justiça criminal brasileiro implica em um aumento ou redução do número de prisões e de liberdades provisórias comparadas com a realidade dos referidos processos. O trabalho foi realizado através de revisão de literatura, pesquisa jurisprudencial e de fontes legais no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e internacionais, além de pesquisa empírica através do acesso e manuseio a processos criminais no Termo Judiciário de São Luis, Comarca de São Luis/Maranhão/Brasil. Ao final da pesquisa, verificou-se a existência de fortes críticas quanto à utilização da lógica atuarial no sistema de justiça criminal. Porém, em que pesem as referidas críticas encontrarem, em parte, fundamentos, no caso específico, após a aplicação do instrumento de verificação de risco nos processos criminais brasileiros que compõem a amostra da pesquisa empírica, verificou-se a indicação de drástica da redução no número de prisões e o aumento no número de concessões de liberdades provisórias, o que poderia representar um número considerável de desencarceramento e economia para o Estado. Porém, há de considerar, também, as várias críticas dos estudiosos que defendem que a utilização da lógica atuarial no sistema de justiça criminal representa a perpetuação do etiquetamento de classes já marginalizadas como grupos perigosos, reafirmando, assim, processos de exclusão social.
This paper intends to analyze the application of actuarial logic in the Brazilian criminal justice system, as well as the impact caused on the number of imprisonments and provisional releases after the application of the risk assessment instrument known as Public Safety Assessment Court - PSA, created in 2013, by the Justice System Partners Institute (JSP), in association with The Laura and John Arnold Foudation. The use of actuarial logic in the criminal justice system has taken up a lot of space and interest from several countries, as well as United States of America, which has been using it for a long time as a tool to manage undesirable social groups. After a study on the issue, it was found that in Brazil is not common to bring up the actuarial logic and actuarial criminal policy, and there is no legislation to institute, determine or regulate the use of instruments from this nature in the Brazilian criminal procedural system. On the other side, Brazil shows serious issues in its penitentiary system, in particular a high number of provisional prisoners, therefore needing ideas and projects that can relieve this worrying and urgent reality. Because of this, the paper presents itself as relevant, since, as a main objective, it seeks to verify whether the application of actuarial logic in the Brazilian criminal justice system implies an increase or decrease in the number of imprisonments and provisional releases in comparison with the reality of the referred processes. The paper was conducted through literature review, jurisprudential research and legal sources in the Brazilian and international legal systems, as well as empirical research through access and handling of criminal cases in the Judicial System of São Luis, District of São Luis/Maranhão/Brazil. At the end of the research, there was considerable criticism of the use of actuarial logic in the criminal justice system. However, in spite of the fact that these criticisms were partly founded, in the particular case, after the application of the risk verification instrument in the Brazilian criminal cases that compose the empirical research sample, there was a drastic indication of the decrease in the number of imprisonments and the increase in the number of provisional release concessions, which could mean a considerable number of imprisonment and savings for the State. Nevertheless, it is also worth considering the various criticisms of researchers who defend that the use of actuarial logic in the criminal justice system represents the perpetuation of the labeling of classes already marginalized as dangerous groups, thus reaffirming processes of social exclusion.
This paper intends to analyze the application of actuarial logic in the Brazilian criminal justice system, as well as the impact caused on the number of imprisonments and provisional releases after the application of the risk assessment instrument known as Public Safety Assessment Court - PSA, created in 2013, by the Justice System Partners Institute (JSP), in association with The Laura and John Arnold Foudation. The use of actuarial logic in the criminal justice system has taken up a lot of space and interest from several countries, as well as United States of America, which has been using it for a long time as a tool to manage undesirable social groups. After a study on the issue, it was found that in Brazil is not common to bring up the actuarial logic and actuarial criminal policy, and there is no legislation to institute, determine or regulate the use of instruments from this nature in the Brazilian criminal procedural system. On the other side, Brazil shows serious issues in its penitentiary system, in particular a high number of provisional prisoners, therefore needing ideas and projects that can relieve this worrying and urgent reality. Because of this, the paper presents itself as relevant, since, as a main objective, it seeks to verify whether the application of actuarial logic in the Brazilian criminal justice system implies an increase or decrease in the number of imprisonments and provisional releases in comparison with the reality of the referred processes. The paper was conducted through literature review, jurisprudential research and legal sources in the Brazilian and international legal systems, as well as empirical research through access and handling of criminal cases in the Judicial System of São Luis, District of São Luis/Maranhão/Brazil. At the end of the research, there was considerable criticism of the use of actuarial logic in the criminal justice system. However, in spite of the fact that these criticisms were partly founded, in the particular case, after the application of the risk verification instrument in the Brazilian criminal cases that compose the empirical research sample, there was a drastic indication of the decrease in the number of imprisonments and the increase in the number of provisional release concessions, which could mean a considerable number of imprisonment and savings for the State. Nevertheless, it is also worth considering the various criticisms of researchers who defend that the use of actuarial logic in the criminal justice system represents the perpetuation of the labeling of classes already marginalized as dangerous groups, thus reaffirming processes of social exclusion.
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Keywords
Lógica atuarial Sistema de justiça criminal Instrumentos de avaliação de risco Sistema de justiça criminal brasileiro Prisão provisória Liberdade provisória Actuarial logic Criminal justice system Risk assessment instruments Brazilian criminal justice system Provisional imprisonment Provisional freedom