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Publication
Hepatite B e C: sua importância em infeções cruzadas em odontologia
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| 1.17 MB | Adobe PDF |
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Desde há muitos anos atrás que existem relatos de milhões de mortes devido aos
problemas de saúde decorrentes, por exemplo, de infeções como as hepatites B e C.
Estas doenças atingem grandes números devido à transmissão de pessoa para pessoa
dos agentes infeciosos VHB e VHC. Os longos períodos assintomáticos que
caracterizam a doença, fazem com que em muitos casos a infeção apenas seja
identificada ao atingir um estado crónico, com manifestações hepáticas graves e
irreversíveis como a cirrose e o carcinoma hepatocelular, apresentando um risco de
mortalidade elevado.
Existem rotas comuns de transmissão destes vírus, como a partilha de instrumentos para
o uso de drogas injetáveis, contacto sexual desprotegido com múltiplos parceiros,
transmissão de mãe para filho ou durante procedimentos médicos como hemodiálise e
cirurgia. No entanto, um dos melhores exemplos de atividades ocupacionais que levam
a este tipo de infeções cruzadas é o caso da prática clínica em odontologia, pela qual a
transmissão dos agentes infeciosos tanto pode ocorrer do paciente para o clínico como
vice-versa. Este mecanismo passa essencialmente pelo contacto com o sangue, saliva,
gotículas de ar, aerossóis, ou secreções contaminadas, podendo estas estar presentes nos
instrumentos e materiais utilizados no dia-a-dia do médico dentista. Deste modo, há um
elevado risco de transmissão do vírus associado aos cuidados odontológicos, caso não
sejam cumpridas as normas e medidas de proteção indicadas.
Este trabalho consistiu na realização de uma pesquisa bibliográfica com o intuito de
alargar o conhecimento sobre as infeções cruzadas de hepatite B e C que ocorrem em
ambiente odontológico. Desta forma, foram abordadas as principais implicações e
consequências que estas infeções víricas acarretam na saúde dos pacientes. Sendo
também elaborada uma descrição das principais medidas de precaução a adotar nos
cuidados odontológicos, de forma a impedir a transmissão de tais agentes patogénicos.
There are stories from many years ago about millions of deaths caused by health problems due to, for example, infections like B and C hepatitis. These diseases reach high rates because of the (easy) transmission from people to people of infectious agents like VHB and VHC. The long asymptomatic periods of type that define the disease makes that, in many cases, the infection is only identified when it reaches a chronic stage, with severe and irreversible hepatic manifestations such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, presenting a high mortality risk. There are common ways of transmission of these viruses, like the sharing of utilities for injection drugs, unprotected sexual contact with multiple partners, mother-to-child transmission or during medical procedures such as hemodialysis and surgery. However, one of the best examples of occupational activities that lead to these kind of crossinfections to happen is the dentistry activity, whereby the transmission of infectious agents can either occur from the patient to the doctor or vice versa. This mechanism essentially passes through contact with blood, saliva, air droplets, aerosols, or contaminated secretions, which may be on utilities and materials used on the day to day activity of a dental doctor. Thus, there is a high risk of transmission of the virus associated with dental care, if the right standards and protective measures are not met. This project is about a bibliographical research with the intention to extend the knlowledgement about the cross-infections of the B and C hepatitis that occur on a odontological environment. Furthermore, the main implications and consequences that these viral infections may affect the health of the patients are mentioned. It is also mentioned a description of the main protective measures to be taken in the odontological care, in order to prevent the transmission of such pathogens.
There are stories from many years ago about millions of deaths caused by health problems due to, for example, infections like B and C hepatitis. These diseases reach high rates because of the (easy) transmission from people to people of infectious agents like VHB and VHC. The long asymptomatic periods of type that define the disease makes that, in many cases, the infection is only identified when it reaches a chronic stage, with severe and irreversible hepatic manifestations such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, presenting a high mortality risk. There are common ways of transmission of these viruses, like the sharing of utilities for injection drugs, unprotected sexual contact with multiple partners, mother-to-child transmission or during medical procedures such as hemodialysis and surgery. However, one of the best examples of occupational activities that lead to these kind of crossinfections to happen is the dentistry activity, whereby the transmission of infectious agents can either occur from the patient to the doctor or vice versa. This mechanism essentially passes through contact with blood, saliva, air droplets, aerosols, or contaminated secretions, which may be on utilities and materials used on the day to day activity of a dental doctor. Thus, there is a high risk of transmission of the virus associated with dental care, if the right standards and protective measures are not met. This project is about a bibliographical research with the intention to extend the knlowledgement about the cross-infections of the B and C hepatitis that occur on a odontological environment. Furthermore, the main implications and consequences that these viral infections may affect the health of the patients are mentioned. It is also mentioned a description of the main protective measures to be taken in the odontological care, in order to prevent the transmission of such pathogens.
Description
Keywords
Infeções cruzadas Odontologia Fatores de risco dentário Transmissão vírica Medidas preventivas Hepatites víricas VHB VHC Cross-infection Dental care Dental risk factors Viral transmission Preventive measures Viral hepatitis HBV HCV