Browsing by Author "Paiva, Teresa"
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- Relative energy deficiency in sport in young portuguese gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Mariana; Silva, Afonso; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-Henrique
- Relative energy deficiency in sport in young Portuguese gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Mariana; Silva, Afonso; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-HenriqueObjective: Research on energy-deficient athletic cohorts has broadened the concept of the Female Athlete Triad into the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport syndrome, that represents a spectrum of abnormalities induced by low energy availability, affecting competing athletes, in particular gymnasts. The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status, body composition, including bone mineral density, of rhythmic and artistic gymnasts, during the competitive period. Methods: Data were collected using a questionnaire about sociodemographic data, training, food intake (3- non-consecutive days food record) and body composition (anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance and bone densitometry). All participants (n=59) provided informed consent. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 27 for Windows. Main results: The athletes’ mean age was 12.0±2.8 years old and they trained 13.6±5.5 hours/week. They showed reduced body weight, height and body fat, and a high fat-free mass (37.0±9.8Kg; 144.9±12.4cm; 9.8±2.9%; 96.1±1.7%; respectively). Their bone mineral density estimated was 0.60±0.08g/cm², which doesn’t represent a risk to bone health. They showed an energy intake of 1370.0±454.2kcal/day and an energy availability of 35.8±15.9kcal/kg fat-free mass/day. Regarding the distribution of macronutrients, 62.7% were below carbohydrates recommendations, 67.8% exceed those of protein and 62.7% consumed fat according to the recommendations. In terms of micronutrients, vitamins D, E and K, and minerals’ consumption, such as calcium, magnesium and potassium were below the recommendations (13.9±6.2µg/day; 591.0±259.2mg/day; 165.2±51.0mg/day; 1920.4±618.6mg/day; respectively). Conclusions: Gymnasts revealed energy deficiency, as well as, low energy availability, which were reflected in their body composition. Therefore, nutritional education is urgent for gymnasts and all around them.
- Risk factors for precompetitive sleep behavior in elite female athletesPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Paiva, TeresaBackground: Sleep is of major importance for the athletes' short and long-term health, performance and recovery; however, published studies on athletes' sleep and even fewer before competition are scarce. This study evaluated the risk factors of sleep in young female gymnasts before an international competition. Methods: Sixty-seven rhythmic gymnasts (M=18.7, SD=2.9 years) of high performance (M=36.6, SD=7.6 h/week) were evaluated regarding training and sport practice, body composition, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, sleep quality by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, precompetitive anxiety by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test form A, and detailed dietary intake just prior to a world competition. Results: The majority of the participants (83.6%) presented reduced body fat levels (M=9.1, SD=2.1%) and low energy availability (EA, M=31.5, SD=11.9 kcal/kgFFM/day). They slept 8h10±1h30/night on weekdays and 8h40±00h40/night on weekends, 67% suffered from mild daytime sleepiness and 78% had a reduced sleep quality. Precompetitive anxiety was on average moderate (M=22.7, SD=3.2). The risk factors for short sleep duration were: 1.92 for a training volume>30 hours/week (95% CI 0.84-4.39), 4.57 for menstruation (95% CI 1.17-17.77), 6.62 for bedtime ≥11:00 PM (95% CI 1.74-25.10), 1.40 for BF<12% (95% CI 1.03-1.92), 2.19 for FFM<30 kg (95% IC 0.94-4.94), 2.37 for BMR<1100 kcal/day (95% CI 1.06-5.32), 1.90 for EEE≥700 kcal (95% CI 0.92-3.93) and 3.17 for EA<45 kcal/kg FFM/day (95% CI 0.84-6.59). Age, performance, sleep duration on weekdays and precompetitive stress were also predictors for a reduced sleep quality and/or abnormal daytime sleepiness. Conclusions: Age, training regime, menstruation, individual preferences for bedtime, body composition and energy were important predictors of gymnasts' precompetitive sleep with consequences upon their sleep duration, SQ and DS.
- Sleep and awakening quality during COVID-19 confinement: complexity and relevance for health and behaviorPublication . Paiva, Teresa; Reis, Cátia; Feliciano, Amélia; Canas-Simião, Hugo; Machado, Maria Augusta; Gaspar, Tânia; Tomé, Gina; Branquinho, Cátia; Silva, Maria Raquel; Ramiro, Lúcia; Gaspar, Susana; Bentes, Carla; Sampaio, Francisco; Pinho, Lara; Pereira, Conceição; Carreiro, Alexandra; Moreira, Susana; Luzeiro, Isabel; Pimentel, Joana; Videira, Gabriela; Fonseca, Júlio; Bernarda, Ana; Vaz Castro, Joana; Rebocho, Sofia; Almondes, Katie; Canhão, Helena; Matos, Margarida GasparObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate sleep and awakening quality (SQ and AQ) during COVID-19 in a large and diversified population in order to identify significant associations and risks in terms of demography, health and health-related behaviors, sleep variables, mental health, and attitudes. Methods/Results:Online surveys were used for data collection, received from 5479 individuals from the general population, sleep disorder patients, and COVID-involved (medical doctors (MDs) and nurses) and COVID-affected professionals (teachers, psychologists, and dentists). SQ and AQ were worse in adults, females, and high-education subjects. Feeling worse, having economic problems, depression, anxiety, irritability, and a high Calamity Experience Check List (CECL) score during COVID were significantly associated with poor SQ and AQ. Shorter sleep duration, increased latency, poor nutrition, low physical activity, increased mobile and social network use, more negative and less positive attitudes and behaviors were associated with poor AQ. Conclusions: The SQ logistic regression showed gender, morbidities, CECL, and awakenings as relevant, whereas, for AQ, relevant variables further included age and physical activity. Aiming to have a high stress compliance, each individual should sleep well, have important control of their mood, practice positive behaviors while dismissing negative behaviors and attitudes, practice exercise, have adequate nutrition, and beware of technologies and dependences.
- Sleep duration, body composition, dietary profile and eating behaviours among children and adolescents: a comparison between portuguese acrobatic gymnastsPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Silva, Hugo-Henrique; Paiva, TeresaSleep, body composition and dietary intake are crucial for athletes' health and performance but have never been investigated in acrobatic gymnasts. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate sleep, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours of acrobatic gymnasts. Using a cross-sectional study, 82 Portuguese acrobatic gymnasts (12.8 ± 3.1 years, 61 females and 21 males) were evaluated during the competitive period to collect training data, sleep duration, body composition, dietary intake and eating behaviours before, during and after practices. Most of the gymnasts (91.5%) slept less than 8 h/night. Female adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than female children (P = 0.024). Female adolescents' mean body mass was below the normal and 60.0% showed menstrual irregularities; 4.9% of females bases were overweight and 2.4% obese. Male adolescents slept significantly less on weekdays than male children (P = 0.001); significant differences were shown for fat-free mass (P = 0.014); however, 3.7% were overweight. All daily energy and macronutrient intakes were significantly different according to age and gender, with exception for fibre and energy intake in females (P = 0.057 and P = 0.052, respectively), and for protein in males (P = 0.068). Female and male adolescents demonstrated significant lower energy availability (32.8 ± 9.4 kcal/kg FFM/day and 45.1 ± 14.7 kcal/kg FFM/day) than children (45.8 ± 8.7 kcal/kg FFM/day and 53.8 ± 9.1 kcal/kg FFM/day), respectively. Significant low intakes of important vitamins and minerals were reported. Most of the participants did not eat or drink during or immediately after training sessions. Conclusion: Acrobatic gymnasts revealed low BF, short sleep duration and macro- and micronutrients inadequate intakes. The Female Athlete Triad was demonstrated by female adolescent gymnasts.
- Sleep, energy disturbances and pre-competitive stress in female traveller athletesPublication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Paiva, TeresaBackground: Gymnasts of high performance level are submitted to a demanding competitive schedule, which can negatively affect their circadian rhythm, sleep, appetite and pre-competitive stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate sleep, body composition, precompetitive stress and energy in elite female athletes just before a World Cup and potential sleep risks according to the travelled distance by athletes in order to compete. Methods: Sixty-seven rhythmic gymnasts of high performance level were evaluated in order to collect training and competition data, daytime sleepiness (DS) by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, sleep quality (SQ) by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, precompetitive anxiety by the Sport Competition Anxiety Test-A and dietary intake prior to a World Cup. Results: Gymnasts suffering from severe DS had worse scores in the competition than those who reported normal DS (p=0.004). In addition, gymnasts with severe DS reported reduced SQ (p=0.014) and showed high levels of precompetitive stress (p<0.01). Gymnasts with reduced SQ demonstrated great DS (p=0.014) and high levels of precompetitive stress (p=0.010). Conclusions: Gymnasts demonstrated disordered sleep and precompetitive stress. Athletes who travelled long distances to compete presented high risk for short sleep duration, abnormal DS and reduced SQ.
- The elite athlete as a special risk traveler and the jet lag's effect: lessons learned from the past and how to be prepared for the next Olympic Games 2020 Tokyo?Publication . Silva, Maria Raquel; Paiva, Teresa; Silva, Hugo-HenriqueElite athletes have to travel long-haul distances and cross multiple meridians; thus, a unique syndrome named as jet-lag is induced. Furthermore, traveler athletes are submitted to several factors negatively affecting their well-being and athletic performance. This qualitative descriptive study aims to promote safely and future promising participations of elite athletes in great events, such as the next Olympic Games 2020 Tokyo, based on the chronobiology of jet-lag, factors affecting the traveler athlete and previous experiences from the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil, the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia and the Olympic Games Rio 2016. Methods: A narrative review of the literature across a broad cross-section of the chronobiology of jet-lag and factors affecting the traveler athlete was undertaken. In addition, a general analysis based on the past sport events aforementioned is also included. Results: The jet-lag disorder may occur after transmeridian travel over more than three time-zones and the resynchronization is dependent on the direction and number of the time-zones crossed and the availability and the intensity of local circadian time cues. Also the athlete's ability to sleep, eat, get hydrated and train, are essential, as well as, others individual tolerance differences, such as age, gender, chronotype and ethnic differences. Athletes should arrive a number of days before the competition according to the number of time-zone transitions experienced. Conclusions: Jet-lag is usually benign and self-limited, but can occasionally have serious consequences for the athlete's mental and physical health and performance. A good plan concerning the athlete's traveling schedule, sleeping, eating and training before and after travelling is mandatory.