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Dietary supplements containing synephrine and caffeine: toxic risks behind these combination for weight loss
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Abstract(s)
Introdução: Cafeína e sinefrina são substâncias normalmente incluídas em produtos para perda de peso devido aos alegados efeitos termogénicos.
Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho de investigação é pesquisar a quantidade de cafeína e sinefrina encontrada em suplementos dietéticos disponíveis em websites. Por outro lado, compreender os efeitos adversos da ingestão de suplementos contendo cafeína e sinefrina para perda de peso. A questão básica é: quais são os efeitos adversos das quantidades de sinefrina e cafeína encontradas nos suplementos dietéticos?
Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada uma procura exaustiva em plataformas que vendem suplementos desportivos e foram analisados os rótulos. Os critérios de inclusão foram suplementos que continham ambos os componentes, sinefrina e cafeína, independentemente da quantidade e do uso. Os critérios de exclusão foram se apenas um dos componentes do suplemento estivesse presente e se a fórmula e a quantidade de ingredientes não estivesse totalmente descrita no rótulo. Para a investigação de suplementos, foram considerados sítios da internet como os da Prozis, Eunutrition e Myprotein, dos sites NutriTienda, Fitnis e PlanetaHuerto.
Resultados e Discussão: Dentro dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos, foram encontrados 20 suplementos. Desses 20 apenas 3 (15%) dos 20 suplementos encontrados continham exclusivamente sinefrina, os restantes, 17 (85%) suplementos continham sinefrina na forma de extrato de laranja amarga (Citrus aurantium). Em relação à dose diária recomendada de sinefrina, o valor mínimo encontrado foi de 6 mg, como o mínimo de citrus aurantium, e o valor máximo, de 450 mg, já para o citrus aurantium o máximo foi de 840 mg. Em relação à cafeína, o valor mínimo encontrado foi de 100 mg e o valor máximo encontrado foi de 10000 mg.
Conclusões: Diversos suplementos possuem quantidades de sinefrina e cafeína que excedem o recomendado pelas agências de saúde de segurança. As informações em humanos ainda são escassas, e serão necessários mais estudos, com um tamanho amostral maior de indivíduos, bem como por um período maior de tempo para verificar a segurança da sinefrina combinada com a cafeína.
Introduction: Caffeine and synephrine are substances normally included in weight loss products due to claimed thermogenic effects. Objectives: The objective of this research work was to search the amount of caffeine and synephrine found in dietary supplements available on websites. On the other hand, understand the adverse effects of intake of supplements containing caffeine and sinephrine for weight loss. The basic question was, what are the possible adverse effects of the amounts of synephrine, and caffeine found in dietary supplements? Materials and Methods: An exhaustive search was carried out on platforms selling sports supplements and the labels evaluated. The inclusion criteria were supplements that contained both components, synephrine and caffeine, regardless of quantity or use. The exclusion criteria were if only one of the components was present, and if the formula and ingredients amount was not fully described on the label. For the investigation of supplements, websites such as Prozis, Eunutrition, Myprotein, NutriTienda, Fitnis and PlanetaHuerto were considered. Results and Discussion: Within the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty supplements were found. Of the 20 supplements, only 3 (15%) contained exclusively synephrine, meanwhile the remaining 17 (85%) contained synephrine in the form of bitter orange extract (Citrus aurantium). Regarding the recommended daily dose of sinephrine, the minimum value found was 6 mg, as was the minimum of citrus aurantium. The maximum value of sinephrine found was 450 mg, while for citrus aurantium the maximum was 840 mg. Related to caffeine, the minimum value found was 100 mg and the maximum value found was 10000 mg. Conclusions: Several supplements have amounts of synephrine and caffeine that exceed the recommended by security health agencies. The information in humans is still scarce and more studies are needed with a larger sample of individuals, as well as for a longer periods of time to access the health safety of synephrine combined with caffeine.
Introduction: Caffeine and synephrine are substances normally included in weight loss products due to claimed thermogenic effects. Objectives: The objective of this research work was to search the amount of caffeine and synephrine found in dietary supplements available on websites. On the other hand, understand the adverse effects of intake of supplements containing caffeine and sinephrine for weight loss. The basic question was, what are the possible adverse effects of the amounts of synephrine, and caffeine found in dietary supplements? Materials and Methods: An exhaustive search was carried out on platforms selling sports supplements and the labels evaluated. The inclusion criteria were supplements that contained both components, synephrine and caffeine, regardless of quantity or use. The exclusion criteria were if only one of the components was present, and if the formula and ingredients amount was not fully described on the label. For the investigation of supplements, websites such as Prozis, Eunutrition, Myprotein, NutriTienda, Fitnis and PlanetaHuerto were considered. Results and Discussion: Within the established inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty supplements were found. Of the 20 supplements, only 3 (15%) contained exclusively synephrine, meanwhile the remaining 17 (85%) contained synephrine in the form of bitter orange extract (Citrus aurantium). Regarding the recommended daily dose of sinephrine, the minimum value found was 6 mg, as was the minimum of citrus aurantium. The maximum value of sinephrine found was 450 mg, while for citrus aurantium the maximum was 840 mg. Related to caffeine, the minimum value found was 100 mg and the maximum value found was 10000 mg. Conclusions: Several supplements have amounts of synephrine and caffeine that exceed the recommended by security health agencies. The information in humans is still scarce and more studies are needed with a larger sample of individuals, as well as for a longer periods of time to access the health safety of synephrine combined with caffeine.
Description
Trabalho Complementar apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Ciências da Nutrição
Keywords
Caffeine Synephrine Citrus aurantium Dietary supplements Cardiovascular toxicity Cafeína Sinefrina Suplementos dietéticos Perda de peso Toxicidade cardiovascular