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Imigração a nível europeu, português e o porquê de já não ser um tema tabu no contexto político
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Abstract(s)
Este projeto aborda a imigração em contextos europeu e português, combinando uma análise histórica, institucional, política e mediática. Começamos por recordar que, apesar de longa e multifacetada, a história migratória europeia adquiriu complexidade no pós-industrial, pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial e após a integração no espaço Schengen e nas crises de refugiados, em especial a de 2015. Em Portugal, o país transitou de origem de emigrantes para destino de imigrantes, um processo impulsionado pela Revolução dos Cravos, pelos retornados das ex-colónias e pela adesão à União Europeia. Os fluxos migratórios vindos dos PALOP, do Brasil, da Europa de Leste e de regiões asiáticas conferiram ao país um perfil cada vez mais multicultural. A análise destaca os desafios reais que enfrentam os imigrantes em Portugal: precariedade laboral em setores de pouca proteção, dificuldades no reconhecimento de qualificações, segregação habitacional, barreiras linguísticas, resultados educativos abaixo do esperado e discriminação racial. Esses fatores coexistem com uma burocracia complexa que ainda dificulta a inclusão plena, apesar de o país contar com políticas de integração consideradas progressistas, como regularizações extraordinárias, iniciativas linguísticas e o Plano Nacional para a Integração de Migrantes. Uma parte crucial do trabalho centra-se na politização da imigração, mostrando como o tema se transformou num eixo central do discurso político. A emergência do Chega, com um discurso securitário e identitário, e a resposta adaptativa dos partidos socialistas e sociais-democratas ilustram a disputa entre narrativas de exclusão e de inclusão. Os media, fragmentados e polarizados, criaram ecossistemas informativos onde o tema é apresentado ora como ameaça, ora como oportunidade, reforçando “bolhas” ideológicas e dificultando o diálogo democrático. O projeto conclui que a imigração deixou de ser tabu e passou a ser objeto de debate político permanente, marcado por tensões entre tradição e mudança, medo e esperança. No entanto, oferece também caminhos positivos: através de políticas baseadas em evidência, respeito pelos direitos humanos e narrativas de acolhimento, é possível transformar a imigração num motor de desenvolvimento, coesão social e renovação cultural num mundo globalizado.
This project explores immigration in both the European and Portuguese contexts, combining historical, institutional, political, and media analysis. It begins by tracing the long and multifaceted history of European migration, which gained complexity after the Industrial Revolution, World War II, and the establishment of the Schengen Area, culminating in crises such as the 2015 refugee wave. In Portugal, the country transitioned from a nation of emigration to a destination for immigrants, a shift driven by the Carnation Revolution, the return of citizens from former colonies, and integration into the European Union. Migration flows from PALOP countries, Brazil, Eastern Europe, and Asia have shaped Portugal into an increasingly multicultural society.The project highlights the real challenges immigrants face in Portugal: labour market precarity in poorly protected sectors, difficulties with the recognition of qualifications, housing segregation, language barriers, low educational outcomes among immigrant children, and racial discrimination. These obstacles coexist with complex bureaucratic systems that hinder full integration, despite the country’s progressive policies, such as extraordinary regularisation processes, language learning programmes, and the National Plan for the Integration of Migrants. A key focus is the politicisation of immigration, revealing how the issue has become central in political discourse. The rise of the far-right party Chega, with its securitarian and nationalist rhetoric, and the strategic responses by socialist and social democratic parties, reflect the broader battle between narratives of exclusion and inclusion. Meanwhile, a fragmented and polarised media landscape reinforces ideological “bubbles”, presenting immigration either as a threat or an opportunity, complicating public debate.The project concludes that immigration is no longer a taboo, but a permanent subject of political debate, shaped by tensions between tradition and change, fear and hope. Yet it also highlights pathways forward: through evidence-based policymaking, respect for human rights, and inclusive narratives, immigration can become a driver of development, social cohesion, and cultural renewal in an increasingly globalised world.
This project explores immigration in both the European and Portuguese contexts, combining historical, institutional, political, and media analysis. It begins by tracing the long and multifaceted history of European migration, which gained complexity after the Industrial Revolution, World War II, and the establishment of the Schengen Area, culminating in crises such as the 2015 refugee wave. In Portugal, the country transitioned from a nation of emigration to a destination for immigrants, a shift driven by the Carnation Revolution, the return of citizens from former colonies, and integration into the European Union. Migration flows from PALOP countries, Brazil, Eastern Europe, and Asia have shaped Portugal into an increasingly multicultural society.The project highlights the real challenges immigrants face in Portugal: labour market precarity in poorly protected sectors, difficulties with the recognition of qualifications, housing segregation, language barriers, low educational outcomes among immigrant children, and racial discrimination. These obstacles coexist with complex bureaucratic systems that hinder full integration, despite the country’s progressive policies, such as extraordinary regularisation processes, language learning programmes, and the National Plan for the Integration of Migrants. A key focus is the politicisation of immigration, revealing how the issue has become central in political discourse. The rise of the far-right party Chega, with its securitarian and nationalist rhetoric, and the strategic responses by socialist and social democratic parties, reflect the broader battle between narratives of exclusion and inclusion. Meanwhile, a fragmented and polarised media landscape reinforces ideological “bubbles”, presenting immigration either as a threat or an opportunity, complicating public debate.The project concludes that immigration is no longer a taboo, but a permanent subject of political debate, shaped by tensions between tradition and change, fear and hope. Yet it also highlights pathways forward: through evidence-based policymaking, respect for human rights, and inclusive narratives, immigration can become a driver of development, social cohesion, and cultural renewal in an increasingly globalised world.
Description
Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais.
Keywords
Imigração Discurso político Extrema-direita Políticas de imigração Imigrantes Immigration Political discourse Far-right Immigration policies Immigrants
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[s.n.]