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Fundamentos biológicos do atleta de alto rendimento
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Abstract(s)
O atleta de alto rendimento é um espécime físico fora do normal: um fenómeno
desportivo que supera os restantes atletas ditos “comuns” e supera as expectativas
impostas pela sociedade geral e a comunidade desportiva. Apesar da dificuldade que
existe em definir um atleta de elite, o consenso geral diz que é alguém com experiência
e sucesso desportivo, com regimes de treino exigentes, uma alimentação regrada e
provas prestadas a um nível competitivo elevado (nacional e internacional).
Surge, então, a necessidade de esclarecer o que transforma um atleta em “atleta de
elite”, submetendo-os a testes de modo a determinar se este tem alguma característica
em particular que faça com que seja diferente do atleta regular, indo desde os
parâmetros fisiológicos gerais e específicos, com a demonstração, por exemplo, de um
VO2 máximo mais elevado, a avaliação da importância da qualidade do sono e da
alimentação no rendimento competitivo (incluindo a influência do jet lag e da
suplementação), até a factores sociodemográficos e psicológicos (as condições em que
se dá a sua aprendizagem desportiva e a capacidade que tem de suportar situações de
stress), passando ainda por factores genéticos que podem prever o sucesso físico.
Para desenvolvimento desta revisão foram usados artigos escritos em inglês, com datas
entre 1967 (devido aos conceitos originais e à sua criação inicial) e 2017.
Deste modo tenta-se responder às principais questões que surgem face ao atleta de alto
rendimento desportivo. O que o torna diferente da população geral? Há alguma
particularidade inata que faça com que tenha maior aptidão para o sucesso desportivo?
É possível qualquer pessoa tornar-se num atleta de elite apenas com esforço, disciplina
e treino? De que modo é que um atleta naturalmente dotado consegue ultrapassar os
seus limites?
The high performance athlete is an out of the ordinary physical specimen: an athletic phenomenon that surpasses the other regular athletes as well as the expectations cast on them by the general society and the sports community. Despite the difficulty in defining an elite athlete, the general consensus says that it is someone with athletic experience and success, with strenuous training regimes, a strict diet and results proven on a high competitive level (national or international). There is the need to clarify what transforms a regular athlete into an “elite athlete”, submitting them to tests in order to determine if they have any particular characteristic that makes them different from the regular athlete, from the general and specific physiological factors, demonstrating, for example, a higher VO2 max on athletes that record better performances, as well as the evaluation of the importance of sleep and eating quality on competitive performance (including jet lag and the use of supplements), to socio-demographic and psychological factors (mainly the conditions where the athletic learning takes place and the ability to deal with stress), while still taking notice of genetic factors that may predict athletic success. For the development of this review, the articles that were used were written in English, between 1967 (due to the origin of the concepts and where they were initially developed) and 2017. As such, the answers to the main questions try to be answered when it comes to high performance athletes. What makes them different from the general population? Is there any innate characteristic that gives them a higher aptitude for physical accomplishment? Is it possible for any person to become an elite athlete through sheer will, effort, discipline and practice? In what way can a naturally gifted athlete surpass his own limits?
The high performance athlete is an out of the ordinary physical specimen: an athletic phenomenon that surpasses the other regular athletes as well as the expectations cast on them by the general society and the sports community. Despite the difficulty in defining an elite athlete, the general consensus says that it is someone with athletic experience and success, with strenuous training regimes, a strict diet and results proven on a high competitive level (national or international). There is the need to clarify what transforms a regular athlete into an “elite athlete”, submitting them to tests in order to determine if they have any particular characteristic that makes them different from the regular athlete, from the general and specific physiological factors, demonstrating, for example, a higher VO2 max on athletes that record better performances, as well as the evaluation of the importance of sleep and eating quality on competitive performance (including jet lag and the use of supplements), to socio-demographic and psychological factors (mainly the conditions where the athletic learning takes place and the ability to deal with stress), while still taking notice of genetic factors that may predict athletic success. For the development of this review, the articles that were used were written in English, between 1967 (due to the origin of the concepts and where they were initially developed) and 2017. As such, the answers to the main questions try to be answered when it comes to high performance athletes. What makes them different from the general population? Is there any innate characteristic that gives them a higher aptitude for physical accomplishment? Is it possible for any person to become an elite athlete through sheer will, effort, discipline and practice? In what way can a naturally gifted athlete surpass his own limits?
Description
Keywords
Atleta Alto rendimento desportivo Fisiologia Genética Sono Nutrição Sociodemográfico Psicologia Athlete High performance Physiology Genetics Sleep Nutrition Sociodemographic Psychology