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Análise crítica à legislação sobre o uso da água na aquicultura dulcícola: uma comparação entre Brasil e Portugal
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Abstract(s)
Assim como na maioria das atividades desenvolvidas pelo homem, a aquicultura
é passível de provocar distúrbios no meio ambiente. As pisciculturas de água doce
utilizam recursos hídricos escassos e valiosos para o cultivo dos peixes e, posteriormente,
para a rejeição de águas residuais. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado os possíveis
impactos gerados pelos efluentes da aquicultura sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos, tais
como: florações de algas, eutrofização, alteração na assembleia de invertebrados
bentônicos, e outros. Assim, o estabelecimento de normas e procedimentos para a
utilização da água, são fundamentais para salvaguardar os recursos hídricos.
Este trabalho objetivou analisar crítica e comparativamente as legislações
relacionadas ao uso da água em aquiculturas dulcícolas existentes em Portugal e no Brasil.
Dentre as normas analisadas, observou-se grande similaridade entres as legislações,
particularmente quanto aos preceitos regentes na gestão da água, nos parâmetros de
qualidade da água para uso e de águas residuais. Divergências em algumas concentrações
máximas permitidas foram apontadas, ora eram mais restritivas no Brasil, ora em
Portugal, este último, ao tratar do Nitrogênio Amoniacal de forma mais exigente.
Também se observou que em Portugal há preocupação com o controle do parâmetro
fosfatos enquanto tal está ausente na correspondente legislação brasileira. Quanto ao
Licenciamento, em Portugal, aparentemente, é menos complicado do que no Brasil, tendo
em vista o procedimento poder ser realizado pelo próprio interessado através do BdE,
além disso, ambos os países possuem processos simplificados para pequenos produtores
e/ou com menor potencial de impacto. Por estes aspectos, seria interessante que Portugal
e Brasil pudessem compartilhar suas experiências positivas e negativas no licenciamento
de pisciculturas, com o intuito de alcançar melhor eficiência na proteção dos recursos
hídricos.
Freshwater aquaculture, like the vast majority of human developed activities, can disturb the environment and its ecosystems. Fish farming interferes with precious and scarce hydric resources in its main activity and in the disposal of residual water as well. Many studies have shown the impact caused by the liquid effluent of aquaculture on freshwater ecosystems, such as algal blooms, eutrophication and alteration in the benthic invertebrate community, among others. Therefore, the creation of legislation and procedures for the use of water is vital to protect this very important and valuable resource. This study aimed to provide a critical and comparative analysis on the current Portuguese and Brazilian aquaculture legislation, regarding to freshwater aquaculture. It is important to note that many similarities were observed on the legislation analyzed, particularly on the norms related to water management and in the parameters imposed for water quality in the fish farming industry and the wastewater it creates. However, differences were also found, for examples, in Portugal, nutrient standards, such as nitrogen, are more stringent than in Brazil. And also for phosphorus, which appears only in Portuguese legislation. On the other hand, the bureaucracy to obtain a license appears to be easier in Portugal, even though both countries have simplified procedures when it comes to small businesses or business that can have smaller environmental impact. As a result, it could be interesting and productive for both countries if Portugal and Brazil shared their experiences on the licensing procedures for fish farming, aiming at developing a better and more efficient protective net for their water resources.
Freshwater aquaculture, like the vast majority of human developed activities, can disturb the environment and its ecosystems. Fish farming interferes with precious and scarce hydric resources in its main activity and in the disposal of residual water as well. Many studies have shown the impact caused by the liquid effluent of aquaculture on freshwater ecosystems, such as algal blooms, eutrophication and alteration in the benthic invertebrate community, among others. Therefore, the creation of legislation and procedures for the use of water is vital to protect this very important and valuable resource. This study aimed to provide a critical and comparative analysis on the current Portuguese and Brazilian aquaculture legislation, regarding to freshwater aquaculture. It is important to note that many similarities were observed on the legislation analyzed, particularly on the norms related to water management and in the parameters imposed for water quality in the fish farming industry and the wastewater it creates. However, differences were also found, for examples, in Portugal, nutrient standards, such as nitrogen, are more stringent than in Brazil. And also for phosphorus, which appears only in Portuguese legislation. On the other hand, the bureaucracy to obtain a license appears to be easier in Portugal, even though both countries have simplified procedures when it comes to small businesses or business that can have smaller environmental impact. As a result, it could be interesting and productive for both countries if Portugal and Brazil shared their experiences on the licensing procedures for fish farming, aiming at developing a better and more efficient protective net for their water resources.
Description
Keywords
Aquicultura dulcícola Eutrofização Legislação Freshwater aquaculture Eutrophication Legislation