A carregar...
Publicação
O Ártico no século XXI: competição entre grandes potências e a racionalidade geopolítica do interesse dos EUA pela Groenlândia
| Nome: | Descrição: | Tamanho: | Formato: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Projeto de graduação_2023103636 | 1015.19 KB | Adobe PDF |
Autores
Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
O Ártico tem-se tornado cada vez mais importante no mundo da política internacional no século XXI, principalmente devido às suas mudanças climáticas. O degelo progressivo da região, não só altera o seu equilíbrio ambiental, como também resulta em possíveis novas rotas marítimas e o acesso a recursos naturais que antes eram inalcançados. Essas mudanças permitem que o Ártico se torne uma área estratégica importante, onde grandes potências como Estados Unidos, Rússia e China apresentem cada vez mais interesse pela região. Neste contexto, este trabalho permite analisar o Ártico como um local onde a competição política tem vindo a aumentar, e onde fatores ambientais, económicos e militares se interligam. As mudanças do degelo, a instabilidade do permafrost e as mudanças no ecossistema, criam novas oportunidades para a exploração económica, especialmente na área de energia, mineração e pesca. Além disso, a abertura de novas rotas marítimas, como a Rota do Nordeste e a Passagem do Noroeste, introduzem novas possibilidades logísticas que podem transformar significativamente o comércio internacional. À medida que a região se tem tornado mais acessível, os países começam a apresentar maiores interesses. A Rússia, possuindo a maior parte do território no Ártico, investe significativamente em infraestrutura, exploração de energia e tecnologia de navegação, nomeadamente frota de navios quebra-gelo. Por outro lado, a China tem procurado afirmar-se como um ator importante na região, investindo em projetos de exploração e desenvolvimento. Os Estados Unidos, embora possuam uma presença mais limitada historicamente, têm vindo a reconhecer a importância estratégica do Ártico. É neste quadro que se insere a análise da Groenlândia enquanto elemento central da disputa geopolítica na região. A Groenlândia está localizada estrategicamente no Atlântico Norte, sendo fundamental para o controlo de rotas marítimas e sistemas de defesa e vigilância. Além disso, a ilha possui potencial em recursos naturais, incluindo minerais raros e energéticos, cuja exploração se torna cada vez mais viável com o degelo. A proposta de compra da Groenlândia pelos Estados Unidos, feita durante a administração de Donald Trump, não foi apenas uma ideia isolada, mas sim parte de uma estratégia mais ampla. Embora interpretada em debates políticos como uma excentricidade, a ideia pode ser entendida como parte das dinâmicas de competição entre grandes potências e da crescente importância do Ártico, tendo em consideração a teoria realista das relações internacionais. Em suma, este trabalho argumenta que o interesse dos Estados Unidos pela Groenlândia reflete uma racionalidade geopolítica consistente com os pressupostos do realismo nas Relações Internacionais. A tentativa de reforçar a presença na região, garantir acesso a recursos e conter a influência de rivais como a Rússia e a China é uma lógica que se encaixa com a teoria do realismo nas Relações Internacionais. Desta forma, o Ártico emerge como um novo espaço de disputa no sistema internacional, onde fatores ambientais e estratégicos convergem para redefinir as dinâmicas de poder no século XXI.
The Arctic has been gaining increasing importance in international politics in the 21st century, primarily due to climate change. The progressive melting of ice in the region not only alters its environmental balance but also enables the emergence of new maritime routes and access to natural resources that were previously inaccessible. These developments are transforming the Arctic into a strategically significant area, attracting growing interest from major powers such as the United States, Russia, and China. In this context, this study examines the Arctic as a region where political competition is intensifying, and where environmental, economic, and military factors are deeply interconnected. The effects of ice melt, permafrost instability, and ecosystem changes are creating new opportunities for economic exploitation, particularly in the sectors of energy, mining, and fisheries. Furthermore, the opening of new maritime routes, such as the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage, introduces new logistical possibilities that may significantly reshape global trade. As the region becomes increasingly accessible, states have shown heightened interest in it. Russia, which possesses the largest share of Arctic territory, has been investing heavily in infrastructure, energy exploration, and navigation technologies, particularly through the development of an advanced icebreaker fleet. Meanwhile, China has sought to establish itself as a relevant actor in the region by investing in exploration and development projects. The United States, although historically maintaining a more limited presence, has progressively recognized the strategic importance of the Arctic. Within this framework, Greenland emerges as a central element in the geopolitical competition in the region. Strategically located in the North Atlantic, it plays a crucial role in the control of maritime routes and in defense and surveillance systems. Moreover, Greenland holds significant potential in natural resources, including rare earth minerals and energy resources, whose exploitation is becoming increasingly viable due to the melting ice. The proposal to purchase Greenland by the United States during the administration of Donald Trump should not be understood merely as an isolated political idea, but rather as part of a broader strategic logic. Although widely interpreted in political debates as an eccentric proposal, it can be better understood within the dynamics of great power competition, as in the realist theory of international relations, and the growing geopolitical relevance of the Arctic. In conclusion, this study argues that the United States’ interest in Greenland reflects a geopolitical rationality consistent with the assumptions of realism in International Relations. The effort to strengthen its presence in the region, secure access to resources, and contain the influence of rivals such as Russia and China aligns with a logic of power maximization and security. Thus, the Arctic emerges as a new arena of competition in the international system, where environmental and strategic factors converge to reshape global power dynamics in the 21st century.
The Arctic has been gaining increasing importance in international politics in the 21st century, primarily due to climate change. The progressive melting of ice in the region not only alters its environmental balance but also enables the emergence of new maritime routes and access to natural resources that were previously inaccessible. These developments are transforming the Arctic into a strategically significant area, attracting growing interest from major powers such as the United States, Russia, and China. In this context, this study examines the Arctic as a region where political competition is intensifying, and where environmental, economic, and military factors are deeply interconnected. The effects of ice melt, permafrost instability, and ecosystem changes are creating new opportunities for economic exploitation, particularly in the sectors of energy, mining, and fisheries. Furthermore, the opening of new maritime routes, such as the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage, introduces new logistical possibilities that may significantly reshape global trade. As the region becomes increasingly accessible, states have shown heightened interest in it. Russia, which possesses the largest share of Arctic territory, has been investing heavily in infrastructure, energy exploration, and navigation technologies, particularly through the development of an advanced icebreaker fleet. Meanwhile, China has sought to establish itself as a relevant actor in the region by investing in exploration and development projects. The United States, although historically maintaining a more limited presence, has progressively recognized the strategic importance of the Arctic. Within this framework, Greenland emerges as a central element in the geopolitical competition in the region. Strategically located in the North Atlantic, it plays a crucial role in the control of maritime routes and in defense and surveillance systems. Moreover, Greenland holds significant potential in natural resources, including rare earth minerals and energy resources, whose exploitation is becoming increasingly viable due to the melting ice. The proposal to purchase Greenland by the United States during the administration of Donald Trump should not be understood merely as an isolated political idea, but rather as part of a broader strategic logic. Although widely interpreted in political debates as an eccentric proposal, it can be better understood within the dynamics of great power competition, as in the realist theory of international relations, and the growing geopolitical relevance of the Arctic. In conclusion, this study argues that the United States’ interest in Greenland reflects a geopolitical rationality consistent with the assumptions of realism in International Relations. The effort to strengthen its presence in the region, secure access to resources, and contain the influence of rivals such as Russia and China aligns with a logic of power maximization and security. Thus, the Arctic emerges as a new arena of competition in the international system, where environmental and strategic factors converge to reshape global power dynamics in the 21st century.
Descrição
Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais.
Palavras-chave
Ártico Competição política Realismo Groenlândia Recursos naturais Arctic Political competition Realism Greenland Natural resources
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Editora
[s.n.]