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Anquiloglossia: implicações anatómicas e funcionais na cavidade oral
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Introdução: A anquiloglossia é uma condição anatómica e funcional caracterizada pela restrição dos movimentos da língua devido à presença de um freio lingual encurtado, que limita sua mobilidade e flexibilidade. Esse encurtamento pode resultar de fatores genéticos, condições sindrómicas ou como consequência de intervenções cirúrgicas prévias. O diagnóstico e tratamento da anquiloglossia, especialmente em pacientes pediátricos, são de relevância particular, pois esta condição exerce impactos significativos sobre o desenvolvimento craniofacial e orofacial. Objetivos: Esclarecer a influência da anquiloglossia nas funções orais essenciais, como amamentação, deglutição e mastigação, com o objetivo de investigar suas implicações na vida de pacientes pediátricos, principalmente no que diz respeito ao crescimento e desenvolvimento adequados da cavidade oral. Material e Métodos: A metodologia foi realizada através de uma pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed e Scielo. Foram utilizadas as seguintes combinações dos termos de pesquisa com o marcador boleano “AND” e “OR”: “lingual frenulum”, “tongue frenulum”, “ankyloglossia”, “breastfeeding”, “pediatric dentistry”, “occlusion”, “tongue mobility”, “swallowing”, “baby” e “newborns”. De acordo com os resultados da pesquisa foram selecionados 61 artigos. Resultados: Estudos mostraram que um freio lingual curto é um fator que pode comprometer a eficácia da amamentação. Essas dificuldades não apenas afetam o vínculo materno-infantil, mas podem resultar em desmame precoce e na introdução de alimentação artificial, que pode ser prejudicial ao desenvolvimento craniofacial ideal. A influência da anquiloglossia sobre o desenvolvimento dos músculos e das funções mastigatórias também merece destaque. Entretanto, quando o aleitamento natural é substituído por alimentação artificial, o padrão de uso muscular é alterado, promovendo uma contração exacerbada dos músculos bucinador e orbicular da boca. Essa adaptação para o aleitamento artificial aumenta o risco de compressão maxilar e outras alterações estruturais que podem impactar negativamente o desenvolvimento facial. A anquiloglossia também modifica a mecânica da mastigação, que se torna anteriorizada e predominantemente unilateral. Essa adaptação pode conduzir a maloclusões dentárias, como mordida cruzada anterior e posterior e mordida aberta. Adicionalmente, a limitação da mobilidade lingual leva a adaptações respiratórias, como a respiração oral, que pode comprometer o desenvolvimento facial e causar alterações posturais e fonéticas a longo prazo. Conclusões: A anquiloglossia contribui para um desenvolvimento craniofacial desequilibrado, com consequências que se estendem para o crescimento das vias aéreas e até para o padrão respiratório, influenciando a postura e a função fonética. Evidências científicas demonstraram, portanto, que a anquiloglossia interfere nas funções fundamentais de amamentação, deglutição e mastigação, com consequências que não se restringem à função oral, mas que também afetam o desenvolvimento craniofacial integral.
Introduction: Ankyloglossia is an anatomical and functional condition characterized by restricted tongue movement due to a shortened lingual frenulum, which limits its mobility and flexibility. This shortening can result from genetic factors, syndromic conditions, or as a consequence of prior surgical interventions. The diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia, particularly in pediatric patients, are of particular relevance, as this condition has significant impacts on craniofacial and orofacial development. Objectives: To clarify the influence of ankyloglossia on essential oral functions such as breastfeeding, swallowing, and mastication, aiming to investigate its implications on the lives of pediatric patients, particularly regarding proper growth and development of the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: The methodology involved a literature search in the PubMed and Scielo databases. The following combinations of search terms, with the Boolean markers "AND" and "OR," were used: "lingual frenulum," "tongue frenulum," "ankyloglossia," "breastfeeding," "pediatric dentistry," "occlusion," "tongue mobility," "swallowing," "baby," and "newborns." Based on the search results, 61 articles were selected. Results: Studies have shown that a shortened lingual frenulum is a factor that can compromise breastfeeding efficacy. These challenges not only affect the mother-infant bond but may also result in early weaning and the introduction of artificial feeding, which can be detrimental to ideal craniofacial development. The influence of ankyloglossia on muscle development and masticatory function also warrants attention. However, when natural breastfeeding is replaced by artificial feeding, the muscular usage pattern is altered, leading to exaggerated contraction of the buccinator and orbicularis oris muscles. This adaptation to artificial feeding increases the risk of maxillary compression and other structural changes that may negatively affect facial development. Ankyloglossia also alters masticatory mechanics, which become anteriorized and predominantly unilateral. This adaptation can lead to dental malocclusions, such as anterior and posterior crossbites and open bites. Additionally, limited tongue mobility results in respiratory adaptations, such as oral breathing, which can compromise facial development and cause long-term postural and phonetic alterations. Conclusions: Ankyloglossia contributes to imbalanced craniofacial development, with consequences extending to airway growth and respiratory patterns, influencing posture and phonetic function. Scientific evidence, therefore, demonstrates that ankyloglossia interferes with the fundamental functions of breastfeeding, swallowing, and mastication, with impacts extending beyond oral function and significantly affecting overall craniofacial development.
Introduction: Ankyloglossia is an anatomical and functional condition characterized by restricted tongue movement due to a shortened lingual frenulum, which limits its mobility and flexibility. This shortening can result from genetic factors, syndromic conditions, or as a consequence of prior surgical interventions. The diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia, particularly in pediatric patients, are of particular relevance, as this condition has significant impacts on craniofacial and orofacial development. Objectives: To clarify the influence of ankyloglossia on essential oral functions such as breastfeeding, swallowing, and mastication, aiming to investigate its implications on the lives of pediatric patients, particularly regarding proper growth and development of the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: The methodology involved a literature search in the PubMed and Scielo databases. The following combinations of search terms, with the Boolean markers "AND" and "OR," were used: "lingual frenulum," "tongue frenulum," "ankyloglossia," "breastfeeding," "pediatric dentistry," "occlusion," "tongue mobility," "swallowing," "baby," and "newborns." Based on the search results, 61 articles were selected. Results: Studies have shown that a shortened lingual frenulum is a factor that can compromise breastfeeding efficacy. These challenges not only affect the mother-infant bond but may also result in early weaning and the introduction of artificial feeding, which can be detrimental to ideal craniofacial development. The influence of ankyloglossia on muscle development and masticatory function also warrants attention. However, when natural breastfeeding is replaced by artificial feeding, the muscular usage pattern is altered, leading to exaggerated contraction of the buccinator and orbicularis oris muscles. This adaptation to artificial feeding increases the risk of maxillary compression and other structural changes that may negatively affect facial development. Ankyloglossia also alters masticatory mechanics, which become anteriorized and predominantly unilateral. This adaptation can lead to dental malocclusions, such as anterior and posterior crossbites and open bites. Additionally, limited tongue mobility results in respiratory adaptations, such as oral breathing, which can compromise facial development and cause long-term postural and phonetic alterations. Conclusions: Ankyloglossia contributes to imbalanced craniofacial development, with consequences extending to airway growth and respiratory patterns, influencing posture and phonetic function. Scientific evidence, therefore, demonstrates that ankyloglossia interferes with the fundamental functions of breastfeeding, swallowing, and mastication, with impacts extending beyond oral function and significantly affecting overall craniofacial development.
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Keywords
Freio lingual Anquiloglossia Amamentação Odontopediatria Oclusão Deglutição Lingual frenulum Ankyloglossia Breastfeeding Pediatric dentistry Occlusion Swallowing