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Exposure to BTEX in buses: the influence of vehicle fuel type

2019-12Journal article Restricted access
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dc.contributor.authorFontes, Tânia
dc.contributor.authorManso, M. Conceição
dc.contributor.authorPrata, Joana C
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Márcia
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Cláudia
dc.contributor.authorBarros, Nelson
dc.date.accessioned2021-02-02T12:34:50Z
dc.date.available2021-02-02T12:34:50Z
dc.date.issued2019-12
dc.date.updated2021-01-25T17:19:34Z
dc.description.abstractDiesel-fueled buses have been replaced by Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) to minimize the high level of emissions in urban areas. However, differences in indoor exposure levels to Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) in those vehicles have not been investigated so far. The primary aim of this study was to determine if passengers are exposed to different BTEX levels when using buses powered by CNG or by diesel, and further explore if indoor levels are influenced by external air quality. For this purpose, BTEX air concentrations were measured in bus cabins (CNG and diesel), parking stations and in a background urban area using passive air samplers. Results showed that BTEX concentrations inside vehicles were higher than outside, but no significant differences were found between buses powered by CNG or by diesel. In CNG vehicles, high and significant positive correlation was found between benzene and the number of journeys in the same route (rs ¼ 0.786, p < 0.05), vehicle operating time (rs ¼ 0.738, p < 0.05), exposure time (rs ¼ 0.714, p < 0.05) and exposure index (rs ¼ 0.738, p < 0.05), but this was not observed for diesel vehicles. Benzene in bus cabins was found to be significantly below reference value for human health protection. However, excepting p-xylene, all other aromatic pollutants have a mean concentration significantly above the lowest effect level (p 0.002 for all comparisons). Additionally, higher BTEX levels in cabin buses than in outdoor air suggest the presence of other emission sources in indoor cabins. These findings emphasize the need for further studies to fully characterize indoor emission sources in order to minimize the negative impact of BTEX exposure to human health.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113100pt_PT
dc.identifier.issn0269-7491
dc.identifier.slugcv-prod-719934
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10284/9328
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.publisherElsevierpt_PT
dc.subjectPublic transportpt_PT
dc.subjectIndoor exposurept_PT
dc.subjectCompressed natural gaspt_PT
dc.subjectDieselpt_PT
dc.subjectVolatile organic compoundspt_PT
dc.titleExposure to BTEX in buses: the influence of vehicle fuel typept_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage10pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage1pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleEnvironmental Pollutionpt_PT
oaire.citation.volume255pt_PT
person.familyNameFontes
person.familyNameManso
person.familyNamePrata
person.familyNameCarvalho
person.familyNameSilva
person.familyNameAugusto Cruz de Azevedo Barros
person.givenNameTânia
person.givenNameMaria da Conceição
person.givenNameJoana C
person.givenNameMarcia
person.givenNameCláudia
person.givenNameNelson
person.identifier554538
person.identifier2017111
person.identifier.ciencia-id5A18-502F-4844
person.identifier.ciencia-id4F14-9267-06FA
person.identifier.ciencia-id8B10-171E-E63E
person.identifier.ciencia-idF211-8AFF-4A25
person.identifier.ciencia-id2919-FCDB-B684
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5183-5321
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1774-1337
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7814-3659
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9884-4751
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9777-8406
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-2628-9880
person.identifier.ridD-2414-2013
person.identifier.ridD-7212-2013
person.identifier.ridW-4272-2018
person.identifier.ridD-5999-2013
person.identifier.ridM-7525-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id37074672900
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57196702148
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57197786921
person.identifier.scopus-author-id7201413997
person.identifier.scopus-author-id36926139400
rcaap.cv.cienciaid2919-FCDB-B684 | Nelson Augusto Cruz de Azevedo Barros
rcaap.rightsclosedAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
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