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População LGBTQIAPN+ no cárcere: uma análise criminológica em um presídio da capital do Rio Grande do Sul
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Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as vulnerabilidades e os desafios enfrentados por pessoas LGBTQIAPN+ em situação de encarceramento, com ênfase especial nas experiências de pessoas transgênero. A investigação foi estruturada em duas etapas metodológicas complementares: uma revisão sistemática da literatura e um estudo empírico qualitativo com indivíduos privados de liberdade em uma unidade prisional no Sul do Brasil. A primeira etapa consistiu em uma revisão sistemática da literatura, fundamentada em protocolos metodológicos rigorosos de busca, seleção, extração e análise de dados. A pergunta norteadora foi: “Quais são as vulnerabilidades e desafios enfrentados por pessoas transgênero em contextos de encarceramento?”. A busca foi realizada na base B-on, resultando na seleção de cinco estudos com abrangência geográfica diversa. Os resultados apontaram para padrões comuns de violações de direitos humanos, alocação inadequada de pessoas trans em alas incompatíveis com sua identidade de gênero, negligência em cuidados de saúde trans específicos e ausência de políticas públicas específicas. Também foi destacada a atuação resiliente dessas pessoas, que desenvolvem estratégias de resistência frente à exclusão institucional. Na segunda etapa, foi conduzido um estudo qualitativo com 12 indivíduos LGBTQIAPN+ reclusos(as), com idades entre 20 e 40 anos, todos pertencentes à mesma unidade prisional na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. As entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade permitiram a obtenção de dados ricos sobre suas vivências, trajetórias e percepções acerca dos direitos, da ressocialização e dos impactos do cárcere. Os dados foram organizados em cinco blocos temáticos: perfil sociodemográfico, história de vida, direitos no cárcere, processos de ressocialização e impacto do encarceramento. Os achados revelam uma realidade atravessada por múltiplas vulnerabilidades sociais e institucionais. Muitos participantes relataram experiências prévias de abandono, violência e exclusão, além de dificuldades no acesso a serviços essenciais como saúde, educação e trabalho. Dentro da prisão, persistem lacunas importantes, como a negligência no uso do nome social, a ausência de apoio psicológico contínuo e a carência de políticas voltadas à assistência social e ao lazer. No entanto, um aspecto positivo observado foi a existência de celas separadas destinadas à população LGBTQIAPN+, o que representa um avanço institucional importante na garantia de maior segurança física e psicológica para esses indivíduos. Outro ponto relevante diz respeito à formação de vínculos afetivos no ambiente prisional, os quais surgem como mecanismos de apoio emocional diante do isolamento e da fragilidade das redes familiares. A presença ou ausência de apoio externo também se mostrou um fator determinante no processo de reintegração social. Apesar da ausência de relatos de violência praticada por agentes penitenciários — o que pode indicar mudanças na cultura institucional —, a violência entre detentos ainda é uma realidade sensível. A pesquisa contribui para a compreensão aprofundada das especificidades vividas pela população LGBTQIAPN+ encarcerada e aponta para a necessidade urgente de políticas públicas que promovam respeito, inclusão e segurança. Entre as recomendações destacam-se a capacitação de profissionais, a ampliação do acesso à saúde e educação, e a implementação de medidas estruturais voltadas ao reconhecimento da identidade de gênero e à prevenção de práticas discriminatórias no sistema prisional.
This study aimed to investigate the vulnerabilities and challenges faced by LGBTQIAPN+ individuals in prison settings, with particular emphasis on the experiences of transgender people. The research was structured in two complementary stages: a systematic literature review and a qualitative empirical study conducted with incarcerated individuals in a prison facility located in southern Brazil. The first stage consisted of a systematic review based on rigorous methodological protocols for searching, selecting, extracting, and analyzing data. The guiding question was: “What are the vulnerabilities and challenges faced by transgender individuals in incarceration contexts?” The search was conducted in the B-on database, resulting in the selection of five international studies. Findings revealed common patterns of human rights violations, such as the misplacement of transgender people in prison wings that do not match their gender identity, lack of access to gender-specific healthcare, and the absence of inclusive public policies. The review also highlighted the resilience strategies adopted by these individuals in the face of institutional exclusion. In the second stage, a qualitative study was conducted with 12 LGBTQIAPN+ individuals between the ages of 20 and 40, all incarcerated in the same facility in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. In-depth semi-structured interviews provided rich data on their life histories, perceptions of rights, resocialization processes, and the impacts of incarceration. The data were organized into five thematic blocks: sociodemographic profile, life history, prison rights, resocialization, and the impact of incarceration. The results revealed multiple and overlapping vulnerabilities, including histories of abandonment, violence, and marginalization, as well as limited access to education, healthcare, and employment prior to incarceration. Within the prison, several institutional gaps persist, such as the lack of recognition of social names, insufficient psychological support, and limited access to social services, education, and leisure. However, a positive aspect observed was the existence of separate cells for LGBTQIAPN+ individuals, which represents a significant step forward in promoting safety and dignity in the prison context. Participants also reported forming emotional bonds within the prison, often as a response to emotional isolation and the absence of family support. These relationships function as survival strategies in the emotionally hostile environment of incarceration. While no reports of violence by prison staff were recorded—indicating a potential shift in institutional culture—interpersonal violence among inmates remains a critical issue. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the specific realities faced by LGBTQIAPN+ people in prison and highlights the urgent need for public policies that foster inclusion, respect, and protection. Recommendations include the training of prison staff, the expansion of access to healthcare and education, and the implementation of structural reforms to ensure gender identity recognition and to combat institutional discrimination.
This study aimed to investigate the vulnerabilities and challenges faced by LGBTQIAPN+ individuals in prison settings, with particular emphasis on the experiences of transgender people. The research was structured in two complementary stages: a systematic literature review and a qualitative empirical study conducted with incarcerated individuals in a prison facility located in southern Brazil. The first stage consisted of a systematic review based on rigorous methodological protocols for searching, selecting, extracting, and analyzing data. The guiding question was: “What are the vulnerabilities and challenges faced by transgender individuals in incarceration contexts?” The search was conducted in the B-on database, resulting in the selection of five international studies. Findings revealed common patterns of human rights violations, such as the misplacement of transgender people in prison wings that do not match their gender identity, lack of access to gender-specific healthcare, and the absence of inclusive public policies. The review also highlighted the resilience strategies adopted by these individuals in the face of institutional exclusion. In the second stage, a qualitative study was conducted with 12 LGBTQIAPN+ individuals between the ages of 20 and 40, all incarcerated in the same facility in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. In-depth semi-structured interviews provided rich data on their life histories, perceptions of rights, resocialization processes, and the impacts of incarceration. The data were organized into five thematic blocks: sociodemographic profile, life history, prison rights, resocialization, and the impact of incarceration. The results revealed multiple and overlapping vulnerabilities, including histories of abandonment, violence, and marginalization, as well as limited access to education, healthcare, and employment prior to incarceration. Within the prison, several institutional gaps persist, such as the lack of recognition of social names, insufficient psychological support, and limited access to social services, education, and leisure. However, a positive aspect observed was the existence of separate cells for LGBTQIAPN+ individuals, which represents a significant step forward in promoting safety and dignity in the prison context. Participants also reported forming emotional bonds within the prison, often as a response to emotional isolation and the absence of family support. These relationships function as survival strategies in the emotionally hostile environment of incarceration. While no reports of violence by prison staff were recorded—indicating a potential shift in institutional culture—interpersonal violence among inmates remains a critical issue. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the specific realities faced by LGBTQIAPN+ people in prison and highlights the urgent need for public policies that foster inclusion, respect, and protection. Recommendations include the training of prison staff, the expansion of access to healthcare and education, and the implementation of structural reforms to ensure gender identity recognition and to combat institutional discrimination.
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LGBTQIAPN+ Vulnerabilidades Encarceramento Políticas públicas Vulnerabilities Incarceration Public policies