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Semipresidencialismo: quadro teórico e análise comparativa dos sistemas de Portugal e da França
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Abstract(s)
O presente trabalho debruça-se sobre o sistema político semipresidencial. Primeiramente é feito um enquadramento teórico à nomenclatura e aos sistemas políticos de governo: o presidencialismo, o parlamentarismo e o semipresidencialismo. Dentro do semipresidencialismo é efetuada uma análise minuciosa da sua génese, matriz histórica e evolução mais recente, incluindo a principal bibliografia consultada e o estado da arte.
Procurou-se definir e caracterizar o semipresidencialismo tendo em consideração as perspetivas de vários cientistas políticos, juristas e outros estudiosos do assunto. Como forma de lograr a compreensão da complexidade e variedades deste sistema de governo, identificaram-se e analisaram-se os subtipos de semipresidencialismo que existem: pendor presidencial, pendor misto e pendor parlamentar, e, por conseguinte, a influência que os poderes presidenciais têm para condicionarem o tipo de semipresidencialismo vigente num determinado Estado. Por forma a explorar as variantes deste sistema político optou-se pelo estudo comparado entre Portugal e a França, onde são analisados substantivamente o funcionamento político e as relações institucionais dos órgãos de soberania de cada Estado. Procedeu-se à análise dos diplomas de lei fundamental dos mencionados países e fez-se uma confrontação entre a componente teórica (documentos jurídicos, bibliografia existente e perspetivas dos vários autores consultados) e a praxis política, principalmente através da análise hermenêutica de notícias divulgadas pelos órgãos de comunicação social sobre as tomadas de posição dos órgãos de soberania sobre diversos assuntos. Com a confrontação entre a vertente teórica e prática visou-se apurar se há ou não uma correspondência entre ambas. Analisou-se de uma forma sintética os precedentes Governos constitucionais e mandatos presidenciais consoante a perspetiva analítica dos estudiosos relativas à república portuguesa e à fase mais recente da V república francesa, e procedeu-se a uma análise mais exaustiva dos atuais executivos de Portugal e da França, atendendo ao desiderato de perceber se, à data de elaboração desta monografia (2023), há ou não diferentes variantes de semipresidencialismo em Portugal e em França. Finalmente, de forma a caraterizar a heterogeneidade, a ambivalência e a diversidade pela qual o semipresidencialismo se caracteriza, optou-se precisamente por fazer um paralelo, considerando vários vetores, dos sistemas políticos português e francês.
This paper focuses on the semi-presidential political system. Firstly, a theoretical framework is provided for the nomenclature and the political systems of government: presidentialism, parliamentarism and semipresidentialism. Within semi-presidentialism, a detailed analysis is made of its genesis, historical matrix and most recent evolution, including the main bibliography consulted and the state of the art. An attempt was made to define and characterise semi-presidentialism, taking into account the perspectives of various political scientists, jurists and other scholars on the subject. In order to explore the variants of this political system, we opted for a comparative study between Portugal and France, where the political functioning and institutional relations of the sovereign bodies of each state are analysed in depth. The fundamental laws of these countries were analysed and a comparison was made between the theoretical component (legal documents, existing bibliography and the perspectives of the various authors consulted) and political praxis, mainly through the hermeneutic analysis of news published by the media on the positions taken by the sovereign bodies on various issues. By comparing the theoretical and practical aspects, the aim was to ascertain whether or not there is a correspondence between the two. The previous constitutional governments and presidential mandates were analysed briefly from the analytical perspective of scholars concerning the Portuguese Republic and the most recent phase of the Fifth French Republic, and a more exhaustive analysis was made of the current executives in Portugal and France, with the aim of understanding whether or not, at the time of writing this monograph (2023), there are different variants of semipresidentialism in Portugal and France. Finally, in order to characterise the heterogeneity, ambivalence and diversity of semi-presidentialism, it was decided to draw parallels between the Portuguese and French political systems, considering various vectors.
This paper focuses on the semi-presidential political system. Firstly, a theoretical framework is provided for the nomenclature and the political systems of government: presidentialism, parliamentarism and semipresidentialism. Within semi-presidentialism, a detailed analysis is made of its genesis, historical matrix and most recent evolution, including the main bibliography consulted and the state of the art. An attempt was made to define and characterise semi-presidentialism, taking into account the perspectives of various political scientists, jurists and other scholars on the subject. In order to explore the variants of this political system, we opted for a comparative study between Portugal and France, where the political functioning and institutional relations of the sovereign bodies of each state are analysed in depth. The fundamental laws of these countries were analysed and a comparison was made between the theoretical component (legal documents, existing bibliography and the perspectives of the various authors consulted) and political praxis, mainly through the hermeneutic analysis of news published by the media on the positions taken by the sovereign bodies on various issues. By comparing the theoretical and practical aspects, the aim was to ascertain whether or not there is a correspondence between the two. The previous constitutional governments and presidential mandates were analysed briefly from the analytical perspective of scholars concerning the Portuguese Republic and the most recent phase of the Fifth French Republic, and a more exhaustive analysis was made of the current executives in Portugal and France, with the aim of understanding whether or not, at the time of writing this monograph (2023), there are different variants of semipresidentialism in Portugal and France. Finally, in order to characterise the heterogeneity, ambivalence and diversity of semi-presidentialism, it was decided to draw parallels between the Portuguese and French political systems, considering various vectors.
Description
Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais
Keywords
Sistemas políticos Semipresidencialismo Estudo comparado Portugal França Political systems Semi-presidentialism Compared study France