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Desporto e microbiota oral: efeitos no reforço da imunidade oral e na otimização do desempenho – revisão sistemática
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Resumo(s)
Nos seres humanos, a microbiota oral é um dos ecossistemas microbianos mais diversificados, compreendendo mais de 700 espécies bacterianas. Cada indivíduo tem um perfil microbiano único, moldado por factores ambientais e fisiológicos. Entre estes, a atividade física está a emergir como um modulador-chave da composição microbiana oral e da função imunitária. Embora a maior parte da investigação existente se tenha centrado na microbiota intestinal, a cavidade oral, enquanto ambiente dinâmico da mucosa, continua a ser pouco explorada neste contexto.
Objetivo: Esclarecer se a atividade física contribuiu para o aumento da imunidade oral e para uma microbiota oral saudável.
Métodos: Foi efectuada uma revisão sistemática da literatura utilizando o PubMed, o ScienceDirect e o Google Scholar. A investigação baseou-se numa questão PICO claramente definida e seguiu critérios de inclusão e exclusão específicos. Foram selecionados cinco estudos que investigaram os efeitos do exercício na microbiota oral e na imunidade salivar.
Resultados: O exercício moderado foi associado a uma melhor diversidade microbiana oral e a uma redução dos marcadores inflamatórios na saliva. Por outro lado, o treino de alta intensidade ou prolongado pareceu reduzir a diversidade microbiana e aumentar a abundância de certos géneros (por exemplo, Prevotella, Veillonella, Oribacterium) potencialmente associados à disbiose oral. Biomarcadores salivares do hospeideiro, como a IgA, o cortisol e a lactoferrina, assim como componentes microbianos como o lipopolissacárido (LPS), demonstraram variar de acordo com o volume e a intensidade do treino.
Conclusões: A atividade física influência o ecossistema oral de uma forma dependente da dose. O treino moderado regular parece promover uma microbiota mais saudável e reforçar a imunidade da mucosa, enquanto o treino excessivo pode perturbar o equilíbrio microbiano. Estes resultados realçam o potencial da monitorização da saúde oral em atletas e apoiam o interesse crescente na microbiota oral como reflexo e contribuinte para o desempenho fisiológico global.
In humans, the oral microbiota is one of the most diverse microbial ecosystems, comprising over 700 bacterial species. Each individual harbours a unique microbial profile, shaped by environmental and physiological factors. Among these, physical activity is emerging as a key modulator of oral microbial composition and immune function. While most existing research has focused on the gut microbiota, the oral cavity as a dynamic mucosal environment remains underexplored in this context. Aim: To clarify whether physical activity contributed to enhanced oral immunity and a healthy oral microbiota. Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The research was based on a clearly defined PICO question and followed specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Five studies were selected that investigated either the effects of exercise on oral microbiota and salivary immunity. Results: Moderate exercise was associated with improved oral microbial diversity and reduced inflammatory markers in saliva. Conversely, high-intensity or prolonged training appeared to reduce microbial diversity and increase the abundance of certain genera (e.g., Prevotella, Veillonella, Oribacterium) potentially linked to oral dysbiosis. Salivary biomarkers such as IgA, cortisol, lactoferrin, as well as microbial-derived molecules like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been shown to vary according to training volume and intensity. Conclusion: Physical activity influences the oral ecosystem in a dosedependent manner. Regular moderate training seems to promote a healthier microbiota and strengthen mucosal immunity, whereas excessive training may disrupt microbial balance. These findings highlight the potential of oral health monitoring in athletes and support the growing interest in oral microbiota as both a reflection and contributor to overall physiological performance.
In humans, the oral microbiota is one of the most diverse microbial ecosystems, comprising over 700 bacterial species. Each individual harbours a unique microbial profile, shaped by environmental and physiological factors. Among these, physical activity is emerging as a key modulator of oral microbial composition and immune function. While most existing research has focused on the gut microbiota, the oral cavity as a dynamic mucosal environment remains underexplored in this context. Aim: To clarify whether physical activity contributed to enhanced oral immunity and a healthy oral microbiota. Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The research was based on a clearly defined PICO question and followed specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Five studies were selected that investigated either the effects of exercise on oral microbiota and salivary immunity. Results: Moderate exercise was associated with improved oral microbial diversity and reduced inflammatory markers in saliva. Conversely, high-intensity or prolonged training appeared to reduce microbial diversity and increase the abundance of certain genera (e.g., Prevotella, Veillonella, Oribacterium) potentially linked to oral dysbiosis. Salivary biomarkers such as IgA, cortisol, lactoferrin, as well as microbial-derived molecules like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been shown to vary according to training volume and intensity. Conclusion: Physical activity influences the oral ecosystem in a dosedependent manner. Regular moderate training seems to promote a healthier microbiota and strengthen mucosal immunity, whereas excessive training may disrupt microbial balance. These findings highlight the potential of oral health monitoring in athletes and support the growing interest in oral microbiota as both a reflection and contributor to overall physiological performance.
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Palavras-chave
Microbiota oral Atividade física Imunidade Saliva Desempenho Disbiose Oral microbiota Physical activity Immunity Performance Dysbiosis