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Toxicity of amphetamines: an update

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dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Márcia
dc.contributor.authorCarmo, Helena
dc.contributor.authorCosta, Vera Marisa
dc.contributor.authorCapela, João Paulo
dc.contributor.authorPontes, Helena
dc.contributor.authorRemião, Fernando
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Félix
dc.contributor.authorBastos, Maria de Lourdes
dc.date.accessioned2021-06-30T13:54:12Z
dc.date.available2021-06-30T13:54:12Z
dc.date.issued2012
dc.description.abstractAmphetamines represent a class of psychotropic compounds, widely abused for their stimulant, euphoric, anorectic, and, in some cases, emphathogenic, entactogenic, and hallucinogenic properties. These compounds derive from the β-phenylethylamine core structure and are kinetically and dynamically characterized by easily crossing the blood-brain barrier, to resist brain biotransformation and to release monoamine neurotransmitters from nerve endings. Although amphetamines are widely acknowledged as synthetic drugs, of which amphetamine, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) are well-known examples, humans have used natural amphetamines for several millenniums, through the consumption of amphetamines produced in plants, namely cathinone (khat), obtained from the plant Catha edulis and ephedrine, obtained from various plants in the genus Ephedra. More recently, a wave of new amphetamines has emerged in the market, mainly constituted of cathinone derivatives, including mephedrone, methylone, methedrone, and buthylone, among others. Although intoxications by amphetamines continue to be common causes of emergency department and hospital admissions, it is frequent to find the sophism that amphetamine derivatives, namely those appearing more recently, are relatively safe. However, human intoxications by these drugs are increasingly being reported, with similar patterns compared to those previously seen with classical amphetamines. That is not surprising, considering the similar structures and mechanisms of action among the different amphetamines, conferring similar toxicokinetic and toxicological profiles to these compounds. The aim of the present review is to give an insight into the pharmacokinetics, general mechanisms of biological and toxicological actions, and the main target organs for the toxicity of amphetamines. Although there is still scarce knowledge from novel amphetamines to draw mechanistic insights, the long-studied classical amphetamines-amphetamine itself, as well as methamphetamine and MDMA, provide plenty of data that may be useful to predict toxicological outcome to improvident abusers and are for that reason the main focus of this review.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5pt_PT
dc.identifier.eissn1432-0738
dc.identifier.issn0340-5761
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10284/9987
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherSpringerpt_PT
dc.relationThe authors are grateful to Fundação para a Ciência eTecnologia (FCT) for grant Pest C/EQB/LA0006/2011 and to the project [PTDC/SAU-FCF/102958/2008]-QREN initiative with EU/FEDER financing through COMPETE. VMC and JPC acknowl- edge FCT for their Post-doc grants (SFRH/BPD/63746/2009 and SFRH/BPD/30776/2006).pt_PT
dc.subjectAmphetaminespt_PT
dc.subjectAmphetaminept_PT
dc.subjectMethamphetaminept_PT
dc.subject3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetaminept_PT
dc.subjectPharmacokineticspt_PT
dc.subjectHyperthermiapt_PT
dc.subjectOxidative stresspt_PT
dc.subjectNeurotoxicitypt_PT
dc.subjectCardiovascular toxicitypt_PT
dc.subjectHepatotoxicitypt_PT
dc.subjectRhabdomyolysispt_PT
dc.subjectNephrotoxicitypt_PT
dc.titleToxicity of amphetamines: an updatept_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage1231pt_PT
oaire.citation.issue8pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage1167pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleArchives of Toxicologypt_PT
oaire.citation.volume86pt_PT
person.familyNameCarvalho
person.familyNameCapela
person.givenNameMarcia
person.givenNameJoão Paulo
person.identifier2017111
person.identifierhttps://scholar.google.pt/citations?user=xlO_SBQAAAAJ&hl=pt-PT
person.identifier.ciencia-id8B10-171E-E63E
person.identifier.ciencia-idE713-C430-8215
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9884-4751
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-2607-1264
person.identifier.ridD-5999-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id7201413997
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55908227400
rcaap.rightsclosedAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isAuthorOfPublication3837b828-ba57-47f7-a811-cce65e4922c6
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationda05a21d-064e-4055-8013-ec0bd14d4e32
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery3837b828-ba57-47f7-a811-cce65e4922c6

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