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O papel da nutrição na patogénese e no tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas
| Nome: | Descrição: | Tamanho: | Formato: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trabalho complementar_2022120682 | 1.24 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Resumo(s)
O envelhecimento da população mundial e a adoção de estilos de vida inadequados estão entre as principais causas de progressão das doenças neurodegenerativas. Atualmente, a doença de Alzheimer e a doença de Parkinson são as patologias neurodegenerativas mais prevalentes, impactando significativamente a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. Embora cada uma apresente mecanismos fisiológicos distintos, ambas provocam alterações cerebrais e motoras acentuadas.
Como ainda não existe cura para estas doenças, a prevenção e o tratamento assumem um papel fundamental. Neste sentido, nos últimos anos, têm sido desenvolvidas diversas pesquisas na área da nutrição com o objetivo de identificar padrões alimentares capazes de prevenir e/ou tratar estas doenças. Verificou-se que, o elevado consumo de alimentos processados e ricos em gordura, característicos da dieta Ocidental, contribui para a inflamação sistémica do organismo, afetando sobretudo a saúde intestinal através da disbiose da microbiota, e a saúde cerebral.
Em contrapartida, diferentes estudos sugerem que a adesão a padrões alimentares saudáveis e equilibrados, como a dieta Mediterrânica, a dieta DASH, a dieta MIND e a dieta cetogénica, demonstra potencial anti-inflamatório e neuroprotetor, devido à riqueza em nutrientes e antioxidantes. Todas estas dietas baseiam-se principalmente no consumo de alimentos naturais, variados e minimamente processados, ricos em fibras, gorduras saudáveis, vitaminas e minerais, que contribuem substancialmente para a proteção contra o stress oxidativo, a disfunção mitocondrial e a neuroinflamação, fatores associados à fisiopatologia das doenças neurodegenerativas. Entretanto, emergiram novos padrões dietéticos, como a dieta de redistribuição da proteína e a dieta com baixo teor de proteína, com a finalidade de aumentar a eficácia do fármaco usado no tratamento de indivíduos com a doença de Parkinson.
Apesar disso, existem discrepâncias nos benefícios reportados entre os diferentes estudos que investigam estes padrões alimentares, pelo que são necessários mais estudos para consolidar a evidência científica existente.
Population aging and the adoption of inadequate lifestyles are among the main factors contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, significantly impacting individuals’ quality of life. Although each presents distinct physiological mechanisms, both causes marked cerebral and motor alterations. As there is still no cure for these diseases, prevention and treatment plays a fundamental role. In this context, several studies have been developed in the field of nutrition in recent years with the aim of identifying dietary patterns capable of preventing and/or treating these diseases. It has been demonstrated that the high consumption of processed and high-fat foods, characteristic of the Western diet, contributes to systemic inflammation, mainly affecting intestinal health through gut microbiota dysbiosis, as well as brain health. In contrast, different studies suggest that adherence to healthy and balanced dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, the MIND diet and the ketogenic diet, demonstrates anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential due to their richness in nutrients and antioxidants. These dietary patterns are mainly based on the consumption of natural, varied, and minimally processed foods, rich in fiber, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, which contribute substantially to protection against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, factors associated with the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Meanwhile, new dietary approaches have emerged, such as the protein redistribution diet and the low-protein diet, with the aim of enhancing the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Despite this, there are discrepancies in the benefits reported among the different studies investigating these dietary patterns, and therefore further studies are needed to consolidate the existing scientific evidence.
Population aging and the adoption of inadequate lifestyles are among the main factors contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, significantly impacting individuals’ quality of life. Although each presents distinct physiological mechanisms, both causes marked cerebral and motor alterations. As there is still no cure for these diseases, prevention and treatment plays a fundamental role. In this context, several studies have been developed in the field of nutrition in recent years with the aim of identifying dietary patterns capable of preventing and/or treating these diseases. It has been demonstrated that the high consumption of processed and high-fat foods, characteristic of the Western diet, contributes to systemic inflammation, mainly affecting intestinal health through gut microbiota dysbiosis, as well as brain health. In contrast, different studies suggest that adherence to healthy and balanced dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, the MIND diet and the ketogenic diet, demonstrates anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential due to their richness in nutrients and antioxidants. These dietary patterns are mainly based on the consumption of natural, varied, and minimally processed foods, rich in fiber, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, which contribute substantially to protection against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, factors associated with the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Meanwhile, new dietary approaches have emerged, such as the protein redistribution diet and the low-protein diet, with the aim of enhancing the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Despite this, there are discrepancies in the benefits reported among the different studies investigating these dietary patterns, and therefore further studies are needed to consolidate the existing scientific evidence.
Descrição
Trabalho Complementar apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Ciências da Nutrição.
Palavras-chave
Nutrição Dietas terapêuticas Doenças neurológicas Doença de Alzheimer Doença de Parkinson Nutrition Therapeutic diets Neurological diseases Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease