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Segundo a Direção Geral de Saúde (DGS), as doenças cardiovasculares continuam a ser, em Portugal, a principal causa de morte e, responsáveis por 32% do total dos óbitos (DGS, 2013). As doenças cardiovasculares são responsáveis por cerca de 17 milhões de mortes por ano em todo o mundo, o que representa aproximadamente um terço do número total de óbitos. Cerca de 9,4 milhões dessas mortes resultam de complicações por hipertensão, sendo a hipertensão responsável por pelo menos 45% das mortes por doença cardíaca e 51% das mortes por acidente vascular cerebral (Uva, Victorino, Roquette, Machado, & Dias, 2014). Em 2014, o acidente vascular cerebral representou cerca de 20.000 episódios ocorridos e 250.000 mil dias de internamento (DGS, 2016).
Segundo o estudo português "The PAP study", 21% da população em Portugal tem excesso de peso e 16% são obesos, 20% são fumadores e 42% têm hipertensão arterial. Em 2010, e segundo os dados publicados no relatório anual do Observatório Nacional de Diabetes, nas pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, 76% dos doentes têm prescrição de fármacos antihipertensores e 56% de fármacos antidislipidémicos (DGS, 2013).
Por outro lado, as oportunidades para se ser fisicamente ativo tendem a diminuir (Observatório Nacional da Actividade Física e do Desporto, 2011) e segundo a WHO devido ao aumento aumento da criminalidade e o vandalismo dos espaços exteriores, a má qualidade e contaminação do ar, e a falta de parques e instalações desportivas e recreativas (WHO, 2010). Devido também às grandes invenções dos últimos tempos, tem-se verificado uma diminuição assinalável na quantidade de esforço físico necessário às tarefas diárias, para as pessoas se deslocarem de um ponto a outro, e até mesmo para chegarem junto das atividades de lazer. De acordo com os dados disponíveis, entre 40% e 60% da população da União Europeia tem um estilo de vida sedentário (Orientações da União Europeia para a Actividade Física, 2009).
A obesidade é um importante problema de saúde pública e uma doença crónica, com génese multifatorial (sendo os principais fatores a alimentação desequilibrada e a inatividade física), que requer esforços continuados para ser controlada, constituindo
uma ameaça para a saúde e um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento e agravamento de outras doenças, tais como a diabetes mellitus e a hipertensão arterial. Na população portuguesa adulta, diversos estudos indicam uma prevalência do excesso de peso e da obesidade na ordem dos 40% (DGS, 2016).
Os resultados mostram uma grande preocupação com estes fenómenos e são também as principais razões que motivam para o presente trabalho de investigação e que tem como tema: "Relação entre a atividade física, a obesidade e a pressão arterial na população jovem adulta residente em Sandiães”, cujo objetivo geral é “Conhecer a relação entre a atividade física, a obesidade e a pressão arterial na população jovem adulta residente em Sandiães". Para cumprir na globalidade este objetivo definiram-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: "Avaliar a relação entre os níveis de atividade física e os valores da pressão arterial" e "Avaliar a relação entre os níveis de atividade física e o índice de massa corporal".
Para isso, participaram 34 indivíduos, 9 homens e 25 mulheres, residentes na freguesia de Sandiães, concelho de Ponte de Lima, que constituem a amostra deste estudo. Foi aplicado um questionário para recolha de dados referentes às variáveis que caraterizam a amostra e às variáveis em estudo. Estes dados foram tratados e analisados através de um programa da Microsoft Office®, nomeadamente, o Microsoft Office Excel 2007®, e apresentados sob a forma de gráficos. Este é um estudo quantitativo, descritivo-exploratório, sendo que o processo de amostragem foi não-probabilístico acidental.
Após a análise e discusão dos dados obtidos, verificou-se que à medida que os níveis de atividade física iam aumentando, havia uma diminuição do número de indivíduos, existindo assim um maior número de pessoas que praticam atividade física de baixa intensidade. Em relação aos valores da pressão arterial, os indivíduos apresentavam valores considerados ótimos e normais segundo a Direção Geral de Saúde (DGS, 2013), pelo que não foi possível chegar a uma associação concreta, sendo necessário um alargamento do número da amostra, que não foi possível, pela limitação do tempo disponível para a concretização deste trabalho. De igual modo ao acima referido, verifica-se que não foi possível encontar uma associação entre os níveis de atividade física e o índice de massa corporal pelas mesmas razões acima supracitadas.
According to Direção Geral de Saúde (DGS), cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in Portugal and are accounted for 32% of the total number of deaths (DGS, 2013). Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for nearly 17 million of deaths every year worldwide, which represents approximately a third of the total amount of deaths. Almost 9,4 million of those deaths result from complications of hypertension, being hypertension the main cause of at least 45% of the deaths resulted from heart disease and 51% by stroke (Uva, Victorino, Roquette, Machado, & Dias, 2014). In 2014, the stroke represented about 20.000 episodes occurred and 250 million days of hospitalization (DGS, 2016). As stated by the Portuguese study "The PAP study", 21% of Portugal’s population is overweight and 16% are considered obese, 20% are smokers and 42% have arterial hypertension. In 2010, according to the data published in the annual report of the Observatório Nacional de Diabetes, the persons with diabetes type 2, 76% has prescription from anti-hyper tensioners drugs and 56% antihyperlipidemic drugs (DGS, 2013). On the other hand, there’s been a decrease in the opportunities to be physically active (Observatório Nacional da Atividade Física e do Desporto, 2011) and according to WHO, that is due to the increase of criminality and vandalism in outdoor areas, the bad quality and contamination of the air and the lack of parks and sports and recreation facilities (WHO, 2010). Also, if we take in consideration the latest inventions in these past years, we’ve verified and significant reduction in the amount of physical effort necessary for doing daily chores, transportation and even for leisure activities. According to the available data, between 40% and 60% of the European Union’s population has a sedentary lifestyle (Orientações da União Europeia para a Actividade Física, 2009). Obesity is a major problem for the public health and a chronical disease with multifactorial genesis (being the primary factors the unbalanced nourishment and the lack of physical activity), that requires continual efforts in order to be controlled, constituting a threat for the health and an important risk factor for the development and aggravation of other diseases such as diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Many studies indicate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the order of 40% in the Portuguese adult population (DGS, 2016). The results show a great concern with these phenomena and are also the main reason that motivate this investigation entitled: “Relations between physical activity, obesity and arterial pressure in the young-adult population resident in Sandiães”, which main goal is to “know the relation between the physical activity, obesity and arterial pressure in the young adult population resident in Sandiães”. In order to fulfil these goals, there were set the following specific objectives: “Evaluate the relation between the levels of physical activity and the arterial pressure values” and “Evaluate the relation between the levels of physical activity and the Body Mass Index (BMI)”. Therefore, 34 individuals, 9 men and 25 women residents in Sandiães, Ponte de Lima constituted the sample of this study. There was a questionnaire in order to collect data regarding the variables that characterize the sample and the variables that are being studied. The data was collected and analysed using a Microsoft Office® software, namely, Microsoft Office Excel 2007®, and as presented under the form of graphics. This is the descriptive-explanatory quantitative study, being the process of sampling was non-probabilistic accidental. After the analysis and discussion of the collected data, it was verified that as the levels of phisycal activity were increased, there was a decrease in the number of individuals, which meant that larger number of people do low intensity physical activity. Regarding the arterial pressure values, the individuals presented values that were considered optimal and normal according to the Direção Geral de Saúde (DGS, 2013), therefore it was not possible to verify an actual relation, for that it would be necessary an increase of the sample, which was not possible due to the time available for the conclusion of this study. As previously mentioned, it was not possible to establish a relation between the levels of physical activity and the Body Mass Index (BMI) for the reasons presented above.
According to Direção Geral de Saúde (DGS), cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in Portugal and are accounted for 32% of the total number of deaths (DGS, 2013). Cardiovascular diseases are responsible for nearly 17 million of deaths every year worldwide, which represents approximately a third of the total amount of deaths. Almost 9,4 million of those deaths result from complications of hypertension, being hypertension the main cause of at least 45% of the deaths resulted from heart disease and 51% by stroke (Uva, Victorino, Roquette, Machado, & Dias, 2014). In 2014, the stroke represented about 20.000 episodes occurred and 250 million days of hospitalization (DGS, 2016). As stated by the Portuguese study "The PAP study", 21% of Portugal’s population is overweight and 16% are considered obese, 20% are smokers and 42% have arterial hypertension. In 2010, according to the data published in the annual report of the Observatório Nacional de Diabetes, the persons with diabetes type 2, 76% has prescription from anti-hyper tensioners drugs and 56% antihyperlipidemic drugs (DGS, 2013). On the other hand, there’s been a decrease in the opportunities to be physically active (Observatório Nacional da Atividade Física e do Desporto, 2011) and according to WHO, that is due to the increase of criminality and vandalism in outdoor areas, the bad quality and contamination of the air and the lack of parks and sports and recreation facilities (WHO, 2010). Also, if we take in consideration the latest inventions in these past years, we’ve verified and significant reduction in the amount of physical effort necessary for doing daily chores, transportation and even for leisure activities. According to the available data, between 40% and 60% of the European Union’s population has a sedentary lifestyle (Orientações da União Europeia para a Actividade Física, 2009). Obesity is a major problem for the public health and a chronical disease with multifactorial genesis (being the primary factors the unbalanced nourishment and the lack of physical activity), that requires continual efforts in order to be controlled, constituting a threat for the health and an important risk factor for the development and aggravation of other diseases such as diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Many studies indicate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the order of 40% in the Portuguese adult population (DGS, 2016). The results show a great concern with these phenomena and are also the main reason that motivate this investigation entitled: “Relations between physical activity, obesity and arterial pressure in the young-adult population resident in Sandiães”, which main goal is to “know the relation between the physical activity, obesity and arterial pressure in the young adult population resident in Sandiães”. In order to fulfil these goals, there were set the following specific objectives: “Evaluate the relation between the levels of physical activity and the arterial pressure values” and “Evaluate the relation between the levels of physical activity and the Body Mass Index (BMI)”. Therefore, 34 individuals, 9 men and 25 women residents in Sandiães, Ponte de Lima constituted the sample of this study. There was a questionnaire in order to collect data regarding the variables that characterize the sample and the variables that are being studied. The data was collected and analysed using a Microsoft Office® software, namely, Microsoft Office Excel 2007®, and as presented under the form of graphics. This is the descriptive-explanatory quantitative study, being the process of sampling was non-probabilistic accidental. After the analysis and discussion of the collected data, it was verified that as the levels of phisycal activity were increased, there was a decrease in the number of individuals, which meant that larger number of people do low intensity physical activity. Regarding the arterial pressure values, the individuals presented values that were considered optimal and normal according to the Direção Geral de Saúde (DGS, 2013), therefore it was not possible to verify an actual relation, for that it would be necessary an increase of the sample, which was not possible due to the time available for the conclusion of this study. As previously mentioned, it was not possible to establish a relation between the levels of physical activity and the Body Mass Index (BMI) for the reasons presented above.
Description
Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Enfermagem
Keywords
Adulto-jovem Pressão arterial Atividade física Obesidade Young-adult Arterial pressure Physical activity Obesity