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Efeitos do flúor na saúde humana
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O flúor pertence ao grupo dos halogéneos da tabela periódica e é um elemento com elevada reatividade que está amplamente distribuído no meio ambiente sendo encontrado no solo, ar, rochas, alimentos e na água sob a forma de fluoretos.
Por ter sido comprovada a sua eficácia na prevenção da cárie dentária, o flúor tem vindo a ser adicionado a produtos dentífricos, suplementos e à água. A fluoretação das águas foi primeiramente instituída nos EUA, sendo aceite pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), que estabeleceu um limite de 1,5 mg/L de fluoretos na água de consumo humano.
No entanto, apesar dos benefícios da sua utilização, a ingestão excessiva pode acarretar efeitos tóxicos para o ser humano afetando diversos sistemas biológicos e estruturas orgânicas. Esta toxicidade pode dar-se de uma forma aguda ou crónica sendo que os efeitos adversos dependem de vários fatores como por exemplo, tempo de ingestão e quantidade ingerida, idade, presença de problemas cardiovasculares ou renais e alterações genéticas.
Os efeitos adversos mais conhecidos da ingestão excessiva de flúor são a fluorose dentária e esquelética, estando também associados outros efeitos como défices cognitivos, citotoxicidade, hipotiroidismo, dislipidemias, alterações enzimáticas e eletrolíticas e cancro.
A presente monografia visa abordar e compilar tanto os benefícios como os efeitos prejudiciais da ingestão de flúor na saúde humana com base em estudos científicos realizados nos últimos anos.
Fluorine belongs to the group of halogens of the periodic table and is an element with high reactivity that is widely distributed in the environment being found in soil, air, rocks, food and water in the form of fluorides. Due to its efficacy in prevention of dental caries, fluorine has been added to toothpaste, supplements and water. Water fluoridation was initially introduced in USA being accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) that established a limit of 1.5 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water. However, despite of the benefits of its use, excessive intake can lead to toxic effects to several biological systems and organic structures. This toxicity can be acute or chronic, and its adverse effects depend on several factors such as ingestion period and ingested amount, age, presence of cardiovascular or renal problems and genetic alterations. The most common adverse effects of excessive fluoride intake are dental and skeletal fluorosis, with association with other effects like cognitive impairment, cytotoxicity, hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, enzymatic and electrolyticchanges and cancer. This work aims the collection and discussion of the benefits as well as adverse effects of fluorine ingestion in human health based on scientific studies published in recent years.
Fluorine belongs to the group of halogens of the periodic table and is an element with high reactivity that is widely distributed in the environment being found in soil, air, rocks, food and water in the form of fluorides. Due to its efficacy in prevention of dental caries, fluorine has been added to toothpaste, supplements and water. Water fluoridation was initially introduced in USA being accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) that established a limit of 1.5 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water. However, despite of the benefits of its use, excessive intake can lead to toxic effects to several biological systems and organic structures. This toxicity can be acute or chronic, and its adverse effects depend on several factors such as ingestion period and ingested amount, age, presence of cardiovascular or renal problems and genetic alterations. The most common adverse effects of excessive fluoride intake are dental and skeletal fluorosis, with association with other effects like cognitive impairment, cytotoxicity, hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, enzymatic and electrolyticchanges and cancer. This work aims the collection and discussion of the benefits as well as adverse effects of fluorine ingestion in human health based on scientific studies published in recent years.
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Keywords
Flúor Fluoreto Efeitos adversos Alterações fisiológicas Fluorine Fluoride Adverse effects Physiological changes