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Hereditariedade e degenerescência nos finais do séc. XIX e meados do XX em Portugal: racismo e direitos humanos
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| Tese de doutoramento_2023117685 | 3.27 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Esta tese está organizada em três partes principais, integrando seis capítulos, além da introdução e da conclusão geral. Propõe uma análise histórica e temática do fenómeno do eugenismo, explorando os seus fundamentos científicos e filosóficos, a sua difusão no contexto médico e jurídico português, bem como as suas implicações éticas e políticas persistentes. A Parte I investiga os alicerces científicos e filosóficos do eugenismo, com especial enfoque no pensamento evolucionista e positivista, e na forma como autores como Charles Darwin (1809-1882), Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) e Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) contribuíram para a construção de ideologias que sustentaram o surgimento do eugenismo. Analisa-se o papel do positivismo científico na consolidação de conceitos como hereditariedade, degenerescência e ordem social. A Parte II debruça-se sobre a receção e desenvolvimento do pensamento eugénico em Portugal, sobretudo nas áreas da medicina e da antropologia médica. Destacam-se as contribuições de cientistas portugueses como Egas Moniz (1874-1955), Eusébio Tamagnini (1880-1972) e Mendes Correia (1888-1960), e examina-se a forma como os seus discursos promoveram ideais eugénicos. Analisa-se ainda o cruzamento entre psiquiatria e justiça através de casos judiciais emblemáticos, refletindo sobre os pressupostos eugénicos presentes nas narrativas médico-legais. A Parte III discute as implicações éticas, políticas e de direitos humanos das ideologias eugénicas. Aborda-se a evolução do conceito de raça e a sua instrumentalização política, os desafios colocados pela diversidade étnica, e a atualidade de práticas de exclusão com raízes eugénicas. A conclusão sublinha a importância de enfrentar criticamente o legado do eugenismo, em nome da ética, da dignidade humana e do pluralismo. No seu todo, a tese evidencia os complexos entrelaçamentos entre ciência, ideologia e poder na construção dos discursos sobre normalidade e desvio, defendendo a necessidade de uma abordagem crítica e historicamente informada do conhecimento científico na defesa dos direitos humanos.
This thesis is structured in three main parts, comprising six chapters, in addition to an introduction and a general conclusion. It offers a historical and thematic analysis of the eugenic phenomenon, examining its scientific and philosophical foundations, its penetration into Portuguese medical and legal culture, and its enduring ethical and political implications. Part I explores the scientific and philosophical underpinnings of eugenics, focusing on evolutionary and positivist thought and the ways in which figures such as Charles Darwin (1809-1882), Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), and Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) contributed to the ideological frameworks that allowed for the emergence of eugenics. The influence of scientific positivism in shaping concepts of heredity, degeneration, and social order is critically examined. Part II investigates the reception and development of eugenic thinking in Portugal, particularly within the medical and medical anthropological fields. It highlights the roles of prominent Portuguese scientists like Egas Moniz (1874-1955), Eusébio Tamagnini (1880-1972), and Mendes Correia (1888-1960), and examines how their discourses contributed to the dissemination of eugenic ideals. The intersection of psychiatry and the legal system is analysed through emblematic judicial cases, reflecting on the eugenic assumptions embedded in medical-legal narratives. Part III addresses the ethical, political, and human rights implications of eugenic ideologies. It discusses the evolution of the concept of race and its political instrumentalization, the challenges posed by ethnic diversity, and the continuing relevance of eugenics in contemporary exclusionary practices. The concluding chapter emphasizes the importance of confronting the legacy of eugenics in current bioethical and humanitarian debates. Overall, the thesis highlights the complex entanglements between science, ideology, and power in the construction of discourses on normality and deviance, and argues for a critical, historically informed approach to scientific knowledge in the defence of human dignity and pluralism.
This thesis is structured in three main parts, comprising six chapters, in addition to an introduction and a general conclusion. It offers a historical and thematic analysis of the eugenic phenomenon, examining its scientific and philosophical foundations, its penetration into Portuguese medical and legal culture, and its enduring ethical and political implications. Part I explores the scientific and philosophical underpinnings of eugenics, focusing on evolutionary and positivist thought and the ways in which figures such as Charles Darwin (1809-1882), Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), and Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919) contributed to the ideological frameworks that allowed for the emergence of eugenics. The influence of scientific positivism in shaping concepts of heredity, degeneration, and social order is critically examined. Part II investigates the reception and development of eugenic thinking in Portugal, particularly within the medical and medical anthropological fields. It highlights the roles of prominent Portuguese scientists like Egas Moniz (1874-1955), Eusébio Tamagnini (1880-1972), and Mendes Correia (1888-1960), and examines how their discourses contributed to the dissemination of eugenic ideals. The intersection of psychiatry and the legal system is analysed through emblematic judicial cases, reflecting on the eugenic assumptions embedded in medical-legal narratives. Part III addresses the ethical, political, and human rights implications of eugenic ideologies. It discusses the evolution of the concept of race and its political instrumentalization, the challenges posed by ethnic diversity, and the continuing relevance of eugenics in contemporary exclusionary practices. The concluding chapter emphasizes the importance of confronting the legacy of eugenics in current bioethical and humanitarian debates. Overall, the thesis highlights the complex entanglements between science, ideology, and power in the construction of discourses on normality and deviance, and argues for a critical, historically informed approach to scientific knowledge in the defence of human dignity and pluralism.
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Eugenismo Antropologia Medicina Psiquiatria Hereditariedade e degenerescência Ética e estudos humanitários Eugenics Anthropology Medicine Psychiatry Heredity and degeneracy Etics and humanitarian studies