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Cetanima e seus derivados: uso e quantificaĆ§Ć£o
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A cetamina Ć© um anestĆ©sico dissociativo de aĆ§Ć£o rĆ”pida, derivado da feniciclidina, produ-zido pela primeira vez em 1962, cuja utilizaĆ§Ć£o Ć© comum em emergĆŖncia pediĆ”trica, cuida-dos prĆ©-hospitalares e cirurgia veterinĆ”ria. A sua principal vantagem Ć© induzir profunda analgesia e perda de consciĆŖncia, mantendo as funƧƵes cardiopulmonares e os reflexos protetores das vias aĆ©reas estĆ”vel.
Ć tambĆ©m usada em doses subanestĆ©sicas no controlo da dor crĆ³nica associada Ć fibromi-algia, neuropatias, oncologia e como antidepressivo.
A sua utilizaĆ§Ć£o como droga de abuso Ć© frequente, especialmente entre as camadas mais jovens, devido Ć s suas propriedades dissociativas e alucinogĆ©nia. Os riscos inerentes a este consumo, quer em contexto laboral, quer em contexto rodoviĆ”rio constituem objeto de pre-ocupaĆ§Ć£o a nĆvel mundial, havendo por isso a necessidade da utilizaĆ§Ć£o de mĆ©todos capa-zes de detetar e quantificar a substĆ¢ncia com a devida precisĆ£o, exatidĆ£o e sensibilidade.
Atualmente existem imunoensaios de rastreio desta substĆ¢ncia nos locais de trabalho e em investigaƧƵes forenses. Apesar de Ćŗteis em situaƧƵes nas quais se pretendam resultados rĆ”pidos, estes testes de rastreio apresentam algumas limitaƧƵes das quais se destacam o valor limite ser demasiado elevado (o que o torna Ćŗtil apenas no caso de overdose ou no caso de consumo recente) e ainda a possibilidade de reatividade cruzada, devido Ć presenƧa de compostos estruturalmente semelhantes. Desta forma serĆ” sempre necessĆ”ria a aplicaĆ§Ć£o de um mĆ©todo analĆtico que confirme o resultado obtido no teste de rastreio e que permita a sua quantificaĆ§Ć£o. Os mĆ©todos de anĆ”lise utilizados para este fim sĆ£o geralmente tĆ©cnicas cromatogrĆ”ficas hifenadas com recurso Ć espetrometria de massa como sistema de deteĆ§Ć£o (GC-MS, LC-MS e CE), que permitem determinar a concentraĆ§Ć£o em cetamina em nĆveis progressivamente mais baixos em vĆ”rios tipos de amostras biolĆ³gicas.
Novos mƩtodos encontram-se ainda em desenvolvimento para aumentar ainda mais o grau de seletividade anƔlise, uma vez que a cetamina, enquanto droga de abuso Ʃ frequentemen-te consumida em conjunto com outras drogas.
Ketamine is a fast acting dissociative anesthetic derived from phencyclidine, first produced in 1962, and commonly used in pediatric emergency, prehospital care and veterinary sur-gery. Its main advantage is to induce deep analgesia and loss of consciousness, keeping cardiopulmonary functions and protective airway reflexes stable. It is also used in subanesthetic doses to control chronic pain associated with fibromyalgia, neuropathies, oncology and as an antidepressant. Its use as a drug of abuse is frequent, especially among younger people, due to its dissocia-tive and hallucinogenic properties. The risks inherent itĀ“s consumption, both in the workplace and on the road, are a matter of worldwide concern and therefore the need for methods to detect and quantify the substance accurately, reliability and sensitivity. Screening immunoassays for this substance are currently available in the workplace and in forensic investigations. Although useful in situations where rapid results are required, these screening tests have some limitations, notably that the threshold value is too high (which makes it useful only in case of overdose or recent consumption) and the possibility of cross-reactivity due to the presence of structurally similar compounds. Thus, it will always be necessary to apply an analytical method that confirms the result obtained in the screen-ing test and allows its quantification. The analytical methods used for this purpose are gen-erally hyphenated chromatographic techniques using mass spectrometry as a detection sys-tem (GC-MS, LC-MS and EC), which allow the determination of ketamine concentration at progressively lower levels in various types of biological samples. New methods are still under development to further increase the degree of selectivity anal-ysis, as ketamine as a drug of abuse is often taken simultaneously with other drugs.
Ketamine is a fast acting dissociative anesthetic derived from phencyclidine, first produced in 1962, and commonly used in pediatric emergency, prehospital care and veterinary sur-gery. Its main advantage is to induce deep analgesia and loss of consciousness, keeping cardiopulmonary functions and protective airway reflexes stable. It is also used in subanesthetic doses to control chronic pain associated with fibromyalgia, neuropathies, oncology and as an antidepressant. Its use as a drug of abuse is frequent, especially among younger people, due to its dissocia-tive and hallucinogenic properties. The risks inherent itĀ“s consumption, both in the workplace and on the road, are a matter of worldwide concern and therefore the need for methods to detect and quantify the substance accurately, reliability and sensitivity. Screening immunoassays for this substance are currently available in the workplace and in forensic investigations. Although useful in situations where rapid results are required, these screening tests have some limitations, notably that the threshold value is too high (which makes it useful only in case of overdose or recent consumption) and the possibility of cross-reactivity due to the presence of structurally similar compounds. Thus, it will always be necessary to apply an analytical method that confirms the result obtained in the screen-ing test and allows its quantification. The analytical methods used for this purpose are gen-erally hyphenated chromatographic techniques using mass spectrometry as a detection sys-tem (GC-MS, LC-MS and EC), which allow the determination of ketamine concentration at progressively lower levels in various types of biological samples. New methods are still under development to further increase the degree of selectivity anal-ysis, as ketamine as a drug of abuse is often taken simultaneously with other drugs.
Description
Keywords
Cetamina Droga de abuso MĆ©todos de quantificaĆ§Ć£o Imunoensaios MĆ©todos cromatogrĆ”ficos Espetrometria de massa HPLC Eletroforese capilar Cromatografia gasosa Ketamine Drug of abuse Quantification methods Immunoassays Chromatographic methods Mass spectrometry HPLC Capillary electrophoresis Gas chromatography