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- Ecocide in Ukraine: an assessment of geospatial and environmental evidence of war-related ecosystem destruction in UkrainePublication . Leal Filho, Walter; Fedoruk, Mariia; Kunyk, Oleksandra; Semak, Uliana; Yaroshenko, Nataliia; Ruda, Maria; Henrique, João Paulino Pires Eustachio; Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta; Luetz, Johannes; Ray, Joseph GeorgeThe ongoing war in Ukraine has triggered large-scale and multi-dimensional environmental degradation affecting soils, freshwater systems, forests, agricultural landscapes, atmospheric quality, and biodiversity. Beyond immediate physical destruction, these impacts compromise ecosystem resilience, human health, food security, and long-term environmental governance. Despite extensive monitoring efforts, there remains a lack of integrated and spatially explicit analytical frameworks that systematically link observable environmental damage to discussions surrounding the concept of ecocide and post-conflict recovery planning. This study provides a comprehensive and evidence-based assessment of war-related environmental degradation across Ukraine using a mixed-methods approach combining multi-temporal geospatial analysis of satellite imagery (including Sentinel-1/2, Copernicus Emergency Management Service, NASA FIRMS, and Global Forest Watch) with a structured qualitative synthesis of governmental, intergovernmental, and civil-society reports. The approach enables the identification, classification, and spatial quantification of observable environmental disturbances across key domains, including industrial infrastructure, hydrological systems, agricultural land, forest ecosystems, protected areas, and urban environments. The results reveal widespread land-cover transformation, soil degradation and potential contamination, disruption of hydrological regimes following critical infrastructure damage, intensified wildfire activity in conflict zones, significant forest loss, and transboundary atmospheric pollution. The study develops a geospatial typology of war-induced environmental impacts and examines how these patterns may be interpreted in relation to the proposed criteria of “severe, widespread, and long-term” environmental harm associated with contemporary ecocide debates. By integrating spatial indicators of conflict-related environmental disturbance with qualitative environmental evidence, this research advances methodological tools for environmental monitoring in conflict settings and supports risk-based zoning, prioritisation of ecological restoration, and the integration of scientific evidence into environmental governance and post-conflict environmental assessment, providing a scalable and replicable framework for analysing ecosystem degradation in war-affected regions.