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Monitorização da contaminação da costa litoral do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Abstract(s)
As transformações ocorridas no mundo, oriundas do desenvolvimento das atividades antropogênicas, provocaram no ambiente mudanças significativas, trazendo à presença, compostos não antes existentes e, a disponibilização de outros de forma magnificada em relação ao natural. O ambiente que antes era impactado pontualmente, por substâncias de ocorrência natural, passou a sofrer efeitos de substâncias transformadas pelo homem. Esses poluentes emergem não somente como diferenciais nos produtos, mas também como preocupação ambiental com a preservação dos ecossistemas e, consequentemente a saúde humana. O compartimento aquático é um dos ecossistemas que mais sofre os efeitos da poluição ambiental. O oceano por ser receptor final dos demais compartimentos, nomeadamente, solo e ar, é constantemente contaminado por diversas substâncias. Os impactos causados pelos contaminantes podem modificar os organismos aquáticos em seus hábitats e, consequentemente causar danos à saúde ambiental e, também ao homem. A zona litorânea do Brasil é extensa e rica em biodiversidade, porém também é palco de grande parte da ocupação humana do território nacional, o que aproxima o risco das emissões de atividades antropogênicas ao ecossistema costeiro. Em Santa Catarina, a configuração do relevo e a origem da colonização, conduziram a concentração da ocupação em regiões próximas ao litoral. Os impactos dessa ocupação vêm sendo pontualmente avaliados ao longo do tempo, porém ainda não haviam sido investigados de forma plena, em toda a costa litorânea de Santa Catarina, de modo a obter informações acerca da existência, distribuição espacial, risco da contaminação e, da ligação desta com as atividades antropogênicas. Santa Catarina é um estado rico em recursos hídricos e outras belezas naturais, que o torna um dos roteiros turísticos mais procurados no Brasil. O extenso litoral catarinense atrai não somente o turismo, como também indústrias e comércio, com logística de movimentação de carga em cinco estações portuárias, além de intensa atividade pesqueira. Nesta mescla da importância do desenvolvimento econômico e dos recursos naturais, torna-se necessário ponderar o equilíbrio sustentável para ambas as partes. A concentração de pessoas e as atividades desenvolvidas são potenciais fontes de contaminantes para o meio, os quais precisam ser identificados e mensurados para avaliar seu impacto. Alguns contaminantes como os metais pesados, hidrocarbonetos aromáticos e produtos de uso farmacêutico e de cuidado pessoal, escoam para o oceano, contaminando a água, acumulando-se no sedimento e por fim, sendo absorvidos por organismos aquáticos e, também, consequentemente, pelo homem. Estes contaminantes são altamente prejudiciais à saúde dos organismos aquáticos e do ser humano. A presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar a presença de contaminantes inorgânicos e orgânicos, nomeadamente, metais pesados (MP’s), produtos farmacêuticos e de cuidado pessoal (PPCP’s) e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA’s), em três matrizes ambientais distintas, água, sedimento e moluscos do tipo mexilhão Perna perna encontrados naturalmente na costa litoral de Santa Catarina. Para avaliar a presença destes contaminantes, foram realizadas amostragens em oito pontos de monitoramento, abrangendo todo o litoral catarinense, por vezes, nas quatro estações do ano e, efetuados ensaios por meio de métodos analíticos adequados [e.g. espectrometria de emissão atômica por plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-OES), cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa (GC-MS) e cromatografia líquida acoplada com espectrometria de massa em tandem (LC-MSMS)]. A partir dos dados obtidos traçou-se um perfil da contaminação em água, sedimentos e tecidos dos moluscos, sendo observado contaminação por MP’s, PPCP’s e HPA’s em toda a costa litoral do estado de Santa Catarina. No caso dos MP’s, a contaminação está presente nas três matrizes ambientais, na ordem crescente de concentração, água, sedimento e organismos aquáticos. A presença dos MP’s em água e sedimento marinho, indica que há disponibilidade destes contaminantes no meio e, maior concentração encontrada nos mexilhões, sugere que houve bioacumulação. A avaliação dos riscos ecotoxicológicos, para os organismos aquáticos, apresentou possibilidade de efeito tóxico, agudo e crônico, de baixo a moderado, em relação às concentrações de alguns PPCP’s verificados. As regiões Norte, Centro-Norte e Centro, apresentaram ocorrência mais significativa da maioria dos compostos analisados com forte tendência correlacionada entre os contaminantes detectados e as atividades antropogênicas locais. Foram detectados contaminantes, MP’s, em concentrações acima dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, de qualidade das águas e de consumo de organismos aquáticos, sugerindo risco à saúde humana. Face ao investigado, considera-se de suma importância a implementação de monitoramento periódico, para verificação da presença destes compostos no ambiente aquático marinho, de modo a obter informações que possam subsidiar ações de melhoria, principalmente nas fontes emissoras desses contaminantes e, também, ações de conscientização sobre o uso e destino de produtos que impactam o meio ambiente.
The transformations that have occurred in the world, arising from the development of anthropogenic activities, have caused significant changes in the environment, bringing to the presence, compounds that did not exist before, and the availability of others in a1 magnified form in relation to the natural. The environment that used to be impacted punctually, by naturally occurring substances, now suffers the effects of substances transformed by man. These pollutants emerge not only as a differential in products, but also as an environmental concern with the preservation of ecosystems and, consequently, human health. The aquatic compartment is one of the ecosystems that suffers most from the effects of environmental pollution. The ocean, as being the final receptor of the other compartments, namely, soil and air, is constantly contaminated by several substances. The impacts caused by contaminants can modify the aquatic organisms in their habitats and, consequently, cause damage to environmental health and, also to humans. The coastal zone of Brazil is extensive and rich in biodiversity, but it is also the stage of much of the human occupation of the national territory, which brings the risk of emissions from anthropogenic activities closer to the coastal ecosystem. In Santa Catarina, the configuration of the soil relief and the origin of colonization led to the concentration of occupation in regions near the coast. The impacts of this occupation have been evaluated over time, but had not yet been fully investigated, throughout the coastline of Santa Catarina, in order, to obtain information about the existence, spatial distribution, risk of contamination, and the link between this and anthropogenic activities. Santa Catarina is a state rich in water resources and other natural beauties, which makes it one of the most popular tourist routes in Brazil. The extensive Santa Catarina’s coast attracts not only tourism, but also industries and commerce, with cargo movement logistics in five port stations, besides intense fishing activity. In this mixture of the importance of economic development and natural resources, it becomes necessary to ponder the sustainable balance for both parties. The concentration of people and the activities developed are potential sources of contaminants to the environment, which need to be identified and measured to assess their impact. Some contaminants, such as heavy metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceutical and personal care products, flow into the ocean, contaminating the water, accumulating in the sediment, and ultimately being absorbed by aquatic organisms and, consequently, by humans. These pollutants are highly detrimental to the health of aquatic organisms and humans. The present research aimed to evaluate the presence of inorganic and organic contaminants, namely, heavy metals (PM’s), pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCP’s) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s), in three distinct environmental matrices, water, sediment, and ‘Perna perna’ mussels naturally found in the coastal area of Santa Catarina. To evaluate the presence of these contaminants, sampling was carried out in eight monitoring points, covering the entire coastline of Santa Catarina, sometimes in the four seasons of the year, and tests were performed using appropriate analytical methods [e.g. inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS)]. From the data obtained a profile of contamination in water, sediment and mollusk tissues was traced, being observed contamination by PM’s, PPCP’s and PAH’s throughout the coastline of the state of Santa Catarina. In the case of PM’s, the contamination is present in the three environmental matrices, in the increasing order of concentration, water, sediment, and aquatic organisms. The presence of PM’s in water and marine sediment indicates that there is availability of these pollutants in the environment, and the higher concentration found in mussels suggests that there was bioaccumulation. The evaluation of ecotoxicological risks for aquatic organisms showed the possibility of low to moderate toxic effects, both acute and chronic, in relation to the concentrations of some PPCP’s found. The northern, north-central and central regions presented a more significant occurrence of most of the pollutants analyzed with a strong correlated tendency between the contaminants detected and the local anthropogenic activities. Contaminants, PM’s, were detected in concentrations above the limits established by Brazilian legislation, of water quality and consumption of aquatic organisms, suggesting risk to human health. In view of the investigated, it is considered of utmost importance the implementation of periodic monitoring, to verify the presence of these compounds in the marine aquatic environment, in order, to obtain information that can subsidize improvement actions, especially in the sources that emit these pollutants and also awareness actions about the use and destination of products that impact the environment.
The transformations that have occurred in the world, arising from the development of anthropogenic activities, have caused significant changes in the environment, bringing to the presence, compounds that did not exist before, and the availability of others in a1 magnified form in relation to the natural. The environment that used to be impacted punctually, by naturally occurring substances, now suffers the effects of substances transformed by man. These pollutants emerge not only as a differential in products, but also as an environmental concern with the preservation of ecosystems and, consequently, human health. The aquatic compartment is one of the ecosystems that suffers most from the effects of environmental pollution. The ocean, as being the final receptor of the other compartments, namely, soil and air, is constantly contaminated by several substances. The impacts caused by contaminants can modify the aquatic organisms in their habitats and, consequently, cause damage to environmental health and, also to humans. The coastal zone of Brazil is extensive and rich in biodiversity, but it is also the stage of much of the human occupation of the national territory, which brings the risk of emissions from anthropogenic activities closer to the coastal ecosystem. In Santa Catarina, the configuration of the soil relief and the origin of colonization led to the concentration of occupation in regions near the coast. The impacts of this occupation have been evaluated over time, but had not yet been fully investigated, throughout the coastline of Santa Catarina, in order, to obtain information about the existence, spatial distribution, risk of contamination, and the link between this and anthropogenic activities. Santa Catarina is a state rich in water resources and other natural beauties, which makes it one of the most popular tourist routes in Brazil. The extensive Santa Catarina’s coast attracts not only tourism, but also industries and commerce, with cargo movement logistics in five port stations, besides intense fishing activity. In this mixture of the importance of economic development and natural resources, it becomes necessary to ponder the sustainable balance for both parties. The concentration of people and the activities developed are potential sources of contaminants to the environment, which need to be identified and measured to assess their impact. Some contaminants, such as heavy metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, and pharmaceutical and personal care products, flow into the ocean, contaminating the water, accumulating in the sediment, and ultimately being absorbed by aquatic organisms and, consequently, by humans. These pollutants are highly detrimental to the health of aquatic organisms and humans. The present research aimed to evaluate the presence of inorganic and organic contaminants, namely, heavy metals (PM’s), pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCP’s) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s), in three distinct environmental matrices, water, sediment, and ‘Perna perna’ mussels naturally found in the coastal area of Santa Catarina. To evaluate the presence of these contaminants, sampling was carried out in eight monitoring points, covering the entire coastline of Santa Catarina, sometimes in the four seasons of the year, and tests were performed using appropriate analytical methods [e.g. inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS)]. From the data obtained a profile of contamination in water, sediment and mollusk tissues was traced, being observed contamination by PM’s, PPCP’s and PAH’s throughout the coastline of the state of Santa Catarina. In the case of PM’s, the contamination is present in the three environmental matrices, in the increasing order of concentration, water, sediment, and aquatic organisms. The presence of PM’s in water and marine sediment indicates that there is availability of these pollutants in the environment, and the higher concentration found in mussels suggests that there was bioaccumulation. The evaluation of ecotoxicological risks for aquatic organisms showed the possibility of low to moderate toxic effects, both acute and chronic, in relation to the concentrations of some PPCP’s found. The northern, north-central and central regions presented a more significant occurrence of most of the pollutants analyzed with a strong correlated tendency between the contaminants detected and the local anthropogenic activities. Contaminants, PM’s, were detected in concentrations above the limits established by Brazilian legislation, of water quality and consumption of aquatic organisms, suggesting risk to human health. In view of the investigated, it is considered of utmost importance the implementation of periodic monitoring, to verify the presence of these compounds in the marine aquatic environment, in order, to obtain information that can subsidize improvement actions, especially in the sources that emit these pollutants and also awareness actions about the use and destination of products that impact the environment.
Description
Keywords
Matrizes ambientais Metais pesados Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos Produtos farmacêuticos e de cuidado pessoal Poluição e avaliação do risco Brazilian coastal zone Environmental matrices Heavy metals Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Pharmaceutical and personal care products Pollution and risk assessment