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The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review

2015Journal article Restricted access
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dc.contributor.authorAraújo, Ana Margarida
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Félix
dc.contributor.authorBastos, Maria de Lourdes
dc.contributor.authorGuedes de Pinho, Paula
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Márcia
dc.date.accessioned2021-06-30T11:27:06Z
dc.date.available2021-06-30T11:27:06Z
dc.date.issued2015
dc.description.abstractIn the area of psychotropic drugs, tryptamines are known to be a broad class of classical or serotonergic hallucinogens. These drugs are capable of producing profound changes in sensory perception, mood and thought in humans and act primarily as agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor. Well-known tryptamines such as psilocybin contained in Aztec sacred mushrooms and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), present in South American psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, have been restrictedly used since ancient times in sociocultural and ritual contexts. However, with the discovery of hallucinogenic properties of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in mid-1900s, tryptamines began to be used recreationally among young people. More recently, new synthetically produced tryptamine hallucinogens, such as alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), emerged in the recreational drug market, which have been claimed as the next-generation designer drugs to replace LSD ('legal' alternatives to LSD). Tryptamine derivatives are widely accessible over the Internet through companies selling them as 'research chemicals', but can also be sold in 'headshops' and street dealers. Reports of intoxication and deaths related to the use of new tryptamines have been described over the last years, raising international concern over tryptamines. However, the lack of literature pertaining to pharmacological and toxicological properties of new tryptamine hallucinogens hampers the assessment of their actual potential harm to general public health. This review provides a comprehensive update on tryptamine hallucinogens, concerning their historical background, prevalence, patterns of use and legal status, chemistry, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and their physiological and toxicological effects on animals and humans.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s00204-015-1513-xpt_PT
dc.identifier.eissn1432-0738
dc.identifier.issn0340-5761
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10284/9983
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherSpringerpt_PT
dc.relationThis work received financial support from the European Union (FEDER funds through COMPETE) and National Funds (FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) through project Pest-C/EQB/LA0006/2013.pt_PT
dc.subjectTryptaminespt_PT
dc.subjectHallucinogenspt_PT
dc.subject5-HT2A receptorpt_PT
dc.subjectToxicokineticspt_PT
dc.subjectToxicodynamicspt_PT
dc.subjectToxicitypt_PT
dc.titleThe hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated reviewpt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage1173pt_PT
oaire.citation.issue8pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage1151pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleArchives of Toxicologypt_PT
oaire.citation.volume89pt_PT
person.familyNameCarvalho
person.givenNameMarcia
person.identifier2017111
person.identifier.ciencia-id8B10-171E-E63E
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9884-4751
person.identifier.ridD-5999-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id7201413997
rcaap.rightsclosedAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isAuthorOfPublication3837b828-ba57-47f7-a811-cce65e4922c6
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery3837b828-ba57-47f7-a811-cce65e4922c6

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